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Senate Study Bill 3073 - IntroducedA Bill ForAn Act 1relating to controlled substances, including amending
2the controlled substance schedules and information
3collection and reporting requirements under the Iowa
4prescription monitoring program, and including effective
5date provisions.
6BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF IOWA:
1DIVISION I
2CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULES — Precursor substances
3reporting
4 Section 1. Section 124.204, subsection 2, Code 2022, is
5amended by adding the following new paragraphs:
6 NEW PARAGRAPH. bt. N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylpropyl)
7piperidin-4-yl)propionamide. Other name: beta-methyl
8fentanyl.
9 NEW PARAGRAPH. bu. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4yl)
10-N,3-diphenylpropanamide. Other names: beta’-Phenyl fentanyl,
113-phenylpropanoyl fentanyl.
12 NEW PARAGRAPH. bv. N-(1-(2-flourophenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)
13-N-(2-fluorophenyl)propionamide. Other names: 2’-Fluoro
14ortho-fluorofentanyl, 2’-fluoro 2-fluorofentanyl.
15 NEW PARAGRAPH. bw. N-(1-(4-methylphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)
16-N-phenylacetamide. Other name: 4’-Methyl acetyl fentanyl.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. bx. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
18phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide. Other names:
19ortho-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl, 2-fluorobutyryl fentanyl.
20 NEW PARAGRAPH. by. N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-(1-
21phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide. Other names: ortho-Methyl
22acetylfentanyl, 2-methyl acetylfentanyl.
23 NEW PARAGRAPH. bz. 2-methoxy-N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-
24(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide. Other names:
25ortho-Methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl, 2-methyl methoxyacetyl
26fentanyl.
27 NEW PARAGRAPH. ca. N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1-
28phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide. Other names:
29para-Methylfentanyl, 4-methylfentanyl.
30 NEW PARAGRAPH. cb. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
31-N-phenylbenzamide. Other names: Phenyl fentanyl, benzoyl
32fentanyl.
33 NEW PARAGRAPH. cc. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
34-N-phenylthiophene-2-carboxamide. Other names: Thiofuranyl
35fentanyl, 2-thiofuranyl fentanyl, thiophene fentanyl.
-1-1 NEW PARAGRAPH. cd. Ethyl (1-phenethylpiperidin-
24-yl)(phenyl)carbamate. Other name: fentanyl carbamate.
3 NEW PARAGRAPH. ce. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
4phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acrylamide. Other name:
5ortho-Fluoroacryl fentanyl.
6 NEW PARAGRAPH. cf. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
7phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide. Other name:
8ortho-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl.
9 NEW PARAGRAPH. cg. N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
10phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide. Other name:
11para-Fluoro furanyl fentanyl.
12 NEW PARAGRAPH. ch. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-
13phenylpentanamide. Other name: valeryl fentanyl.
14 NEW PARAGRAPH. ci. N-(4-methyoxyphenyl)-N-(1-
15phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide. Other name:
16para-methyoxybutyryl fentanyl.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. cj. N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-
18phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide. Other name:
19para-Chloroisobutyryl fentanyl.
20 NEW PARAGRAPH. ck. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
21-N-phenylisobutryamide. Other name: Isobutyryl fentanyl.
22 NEW PARAGRAPH. cl. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
23-N-phenylcyclopentanecarboxamide. Other name: cyclopentanyl
24fentanyl.
25 NEW PARAGRAPH. cm. N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)
26-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. Other name:
27isotonitazene.
28 Sec. 2. Section 124.204, subsection 4, Code 2022, is amended
29by adding the following new paragraphs:
30 NEW PARAGRAPH. bs. methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-
311H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. Other names:
324F-MDMB-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA.
33 NEW PARAGRAPH. bt. 1-(4-methyoxyphenyl)-N-
34methylpropan-2-amine. Other names:
35para-methoxymethamphetamine, PMMA.
-2-1 NEW PARAGRAPH. bu. Naphthalen-1-yl
21-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate. Other names:
3NM2201 or CBL2201.
4 NEW PARAGRAPH. bv. N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)
5-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. Other name:
65F-AB-PINACA.
7 NEW PARAGRAPH. bw. 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan
8-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. Other names:
94-CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4-cyano-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4-CN-CUMYL
10BINACA, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, or SGT-78.
11 NEW PARAGRAPH. bx. Methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-
121H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate. Other names:
13MMB-CHMICA or AMB-CHMICA.
14 NEW PARAGRAPH. by. 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan
15-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide. Other name:
165F-CUMYL-P7AICA.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. bz. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-
18(ethylamino)-pentan-1-one. Other names: N-ethylpentylone or
19ephylone.
20 Sec. 3. Section 124.204, subsection 6, paragraph i,
21subparagraph 27, Code 2022, is amended by striking the
22subparagraph.
23 Sec. 4. Section 124.204, subsection 6, Code 2022, is amended
24by adding the following new paragraph:
25 NEW PARAGRAPH. i. 4,4’-Dimethylaminorex. Other names:
264,4’-DMAR; 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-
272-oxazolamine; 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-
28oxazol-2-amine.
29 Sec. 5. Section 124.204, subsection 9, paragraphs h, i, j,
30k, l, n, o, p, q, and r, Code 2022, are amended by striking the
31paragraphs.
32 Sec. 6. Section 124.204, subsection 9, paragraph x, Code
332022, is amended by striking the paragraph and inserting in
34lieu thereof the following:
35x. 1-(1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1,
-3-13-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-one. Other names: brorphine,
21-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1,
33-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one.
4 Sec. 7. Section 124.206, subsection 2, paragraph a, Code
52022, is amended by striking the paragraph and inserting in
6lieu thereof the following:
7a. Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative,
8or preparation of opium or opiate excluding apomorphine,
9thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine,
10naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxegol, naloxone, 6beta-naltrexol,
11naltrexone, and samidorphan, and their respective salts, but
12including the following:
13 Sec. 8. Section 124.210, subsection 6, Code 2022, is amended
14by adding the following new paragraph:
15 NEW PARAGRAPH. n. Serdexmethylphenidate.
16 Sec. 9. Section 124.212, subsection 5, Code 2022, is amended
17by adding the following new paragraph:
18 NEW PARAGRAPH. f. Lasmiditan [2,4,6-trifluoro-N-(6-
19(1-methylpiperine-4-carbonyl)pyridine-2-yl-benzamide].
20 Sec. 10. Section 124B.2, subsection 1, Code 2022, is amended
21by adding the following new paragraphs:
22 NEW PARAGRAPH. ae. 3,4-MDP-2-P methyl glycidate (PMK
23glycidate) and its optical and geometric isomers.
24 NEW PARAGRAPH. af. 3,4-MDP-2-P methyl glycidic acid (PMK
25glycidic acid) and its salts, optical and geometric isomers,
26and salts of isomers.
27 NEW PARAGRAPH. ag. Alpha-phenylacetoacetamide (APAA) and
28its optical isomers.
29 Sec. 11. EFFECTIVE DATE. This division of this Act, being
30deemed of immediate importance, takes effect upon enactment.
31DIVISION II
32IOWA PRESCRIPTION MONITORING PROGRAM
33 Sec. 12. Section 124.555, unnumbered paragraph 1, Code
342022, is amended to read as follows:
35An advisory council shall be established to provide
-4-1oversight to the board and the program and to comanage program
2activities. The board and advisory council shall jointly adopt
3rules specifying the duties and activities of the advisory
4council and related matters.
5 Sec. 13. Section 124.555, subsection 1, Code 2022, is
6amended to read as follows:
71. The council shall consist of eight members appointed
8by the governor board. The members shall include three at
9least one licensed pharmacists pharmacist, four physicians
10 one physician licensed under chapter 148, and one licensed
11prescribing practitioner who is not a physician, and other
12members as determined by the board. The board shall adopt
13rules in accordance with chapter 17A on matters pertaining to
14the council membership, including the terms of appointment and
15quorum. The governor board shall solicit recommendations for
16council members from Iowa health professional licensing boards,
17associations, and societies. The license of each member
18appointed to and serving on the advisory council shall be
19current and in good standing with the professional’s licensing
20board.
21 Sec. 14. Section 124.555, subsection 3, paragraph e, Code
222022, is amended to read as follows:
23e. One physician and one pharmacist member of the council
24shall include in their duties the responsibility for monitoring
25 Monitoring and ensuring that patient confidentiality, best
26interests, and civil liberties are at all times protected and
27preserved during the existence of the program.
28EXPLANATION
29The inclusion of this explanation does not constitute agreement with
30the explanation’s substance by the members of the general assembly.
31This bill relates to controlled substances, including
32amending the controlled substance schedules and information
33collection and reporting requirements under the Iowa
34prescription monitoring program, and including effective date
35provisions.
-5- 1DIVISION I — CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULES — PRECURSOR
2SUBSTANCES REPORTING. The bill makes changes to controlled
3substance schedules I, II, IV, and V in Iowa’s uniform
4controlled substances Act (Code chapter 124) and to the
5precursor substances reporting requirement in Code chapter
6124B to conform to the specific chemical designations of
7the substances contained in Title 21 of the Code of Federal
8Regulations (C.F.R.), parts 1300, 1308, and 1310.
9The division takes effect upon enactment.
10DIVISION II — IOWA PRESCRIPTION MONITORING PROGRAM. This
11division amends the composition and appointment of the Iowa
12prescription monitoring program advisory council. The bill
13changes the advisory council from a governor-appointed council
14to a board-appointed council; removes the minimum number of
15council members; modifies the composition of the council;
16directs the board to adopt rules on matters pertaining to
17council membership including terms of appointment and quorum;
18requires the board to consult with professional organizations
19and licensing boards for counsel membership; and expands the
20responsibility of the council to monitor and ensure that
21patient confidentiality, best interests, and civil liberties
22are at all times protected and preserved during the existence
23of the prescription monitoring program.
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2the controlled substance schedules and information
3collection and reporting requirements under the Iowa
4prescription monitoring program, and including effective
5date provisions.
6BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF IOWA:
1DIVISION I
2CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULES — Precursor substances
3reporting
4 Section 1. Section 124.204, subsection 2, Code 2022, is
5amended by adding the following new paragraphs:
6 NEW PARAGRAPH. bt. N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylpropyl)
7piperidin-4-yl)propionamide. Other name: beta-methyl
8fentanyl.
9 NEW PARAGRAPH. bu. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4yl)
10-N,3-diphenylpropanamide. Other names: beta’-Phenyl fentanyl,
113-phenylpropanoyl fentanyl.
12 NEW PARAGRAPH. bv. N-(1-(2-flourophenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)
13-N-(2-fluorophenyl)propionamide. Other names: 2’-Fluoro
14ortho-fluorofentanyl, 2’-fluoro 2-fluorofentanyl.
15 NEW PARAGRAPH. bw. N-(1-(4-methylphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)
16-N-phenylacetamide. Other name: 4’-Methyl acetyl fentanyl.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. bx. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
18phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide. Other names:
19ortho-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl, 2-fluorobutyryl fentanyl.
20 NEW PARAGRAPH. by. N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-(1-
21phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide. Other names: ortho-Methyl
22acetylfentanyl, 2-methyl acetylfentanyl.
23 NEW PARAGRAPH. bz. 2-methoxy-N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-
24(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide. Other names:
25ortho-Methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl, 2-methyl methoxyacetyl
26fentanyl.
27 NEW PARAGRAPH. ca. N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1-
28phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide. Other names:
29para-Methylfentanyl, 4-methylfentanyl.
30 NEW PARAGRAPH. cb. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
31-N-phenylbenzamide. Other names: Phenyl fentanyl, benzoyl
32fentanyl.
33 NEW PARAGRAPH. cc. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
34-N-phenylthiophene-2-carboxamide. Other names: Thiofuranyl
35fentanyl, 2-thiofuranyl fentanyl, thiophene fentanyl.
-1-1 NEW PARAGRAPH. cd. Ethyl (1-phenethylpiperidin-
24-yl)(phenyl)carbamate. Other name: fentanyl carbamate.
3 NEW PARAGRAPH. ce. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
4phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acrylamide. Other name:
5ortho-Fluoroacryl fentanyl.
6 NEW PARAGRAPH. cf. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
7phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide. Other name:
8ortho-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl.
9 NEW PARAGRAPH. cg. N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
10phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide. Other name:
11para-Fluoro furanyl fentanyl.
12 NEW PARAGRAPH. ch. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-
13phenylpentanamide. Other name: valeryl fentanyl.
14 NEW PARAGRAPH. ci. N-(4-methyoxyphenyl)-N-(1-
15phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide. Other name:
16para-methyoxybutyryl fentanyl.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. cj. N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-
18phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide. Other name:
19para-Chloroisobutyryl fentanyl.
20 NEW PARAGRAPH. ck. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
21-N-phenylisobutryamide. Other name: Isobutyryl fentanyl.
22 NEW PARAGRAPH. cl. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
23-N-phenylcyclopentanecarboxamide. Other name: cyclopentanyl
24fentanyl.
25 NEW PARAGRAPH. cm. N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)
26-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. Other name:
27isotonitazene.
28 Sec. 2. Section 124.204, subsection 4, Code 2022, is amended
29by adding the following new paragraphs:
30 NEW PARAGRAPH. bs. methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-
311H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. Other names:
324F-MDMB-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA.
33 NEW PARAGRAPH. bt. 1-(4-methyoxyphenyl)-N-
34methylpropan-2-amine. Other names:
35para-methoxymethamphetamine, PMMA.
-2-1 NEW PARAGRAPH. bu. Naphthalen-1-yl
21-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate. Other names:
3NM2201 or CBL2201.
4 NEW PARAGRAPH. bv. N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)
5-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. Other name:
65F-AB-PINACA.
7 NEW PARAGRAPH. bw. 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan
8-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. Other names:
94-CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4-cyano-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4-CN-CUMYL
10BINACA, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, or SGT-78.
11 NEW PARAGRAPH. bx. Methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-
121H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate. Other names:
13MMB-CHMICA or AMB-CHMICA.
14 NEW PARAGRAPH. by. 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan
15-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide. Other name:
165F-CUMYL-P7AICA.
17 NEW PARAGRAPH. bz. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-
18(ethylamino)-pentan-1-one. Other names: N-ethylpentylone or
19ephylone.
20 Sec. 3. Section 124.204, subsection 6, paragraph i,
21subparagraph 27, Code 2022, is amended by striking the
22subparagraph.
23 Sec. 4. Section 124.204, subsection 6, Code 2022, is amended
24by adding the following new paragraph:
25 NEW PARAGRAPH. i. 4,4’-Dimethylaminorex. Other names:
264,4’-DMAR; 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-
272-oxazolamine; 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-
28oxazol-2-amine.
29 Sec. 5. Section 124.204, subsection 9, paragraphs h, i, j,
30k, l, n, o, p, q, and r, Code 2022, are amended by striking the
31paragraphs.
32 Sec. 6. Section 124.204, subsection 9, paragraph x, Code
332022, is amended by striking the paragraph and inserting in
34lieu thereof the following:
35x. 1-(1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1,
-3-13-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-one. Other names: brorphine,
21-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1,
33-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one.
4 Sec. 7. Section 124.206, subsection 2, paragraph a, Code
52022, is amended by striking the paragraph and inserting in
6lieu thereof the following:
7a. Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative,
8or preparation of opium or opiate excluding apomorphine,
9thebaine-derived butorphanol, dextrorphan, nalbuphine,
10naldemedine, nalmefene, naloxegol, naloxone, 6beta-naltrexol,
11naltrexone, and samidorphan, and their respective salts, but
12including the following:
13 Sec. 8. Section 124.210, subsection 6, Code 2022, is amended
14by adding the following new paragraph:
15 NEW PARAGRAPH. n. Serdexmethylphenidate.
16 Sec. 9. Section 124.212, subsection 5, Code 2022, is amended
17by adding the following new paragraph:
18 NEW PARAGRAPH. f. Lasmiditan [2,4,6-trifluoro-N-(6-
19(1-methylpiperine-4-carbonyl)pyridine-2-yl-benzamide].
20 Sec. 10. Section 124B.2, subsection 1, Code 2022, is amended
21by adding the following new paragraphs:
22 NEW PARAGRAPH. ae. 3,4-MDP-2-P methyl glycidate (PMK
23glycidate) and its optical and geometric isomers.
24 NEW PARAGRAPH. af. 3,4-MDP-2-P methyl glycidic acid (PMK
25glycidic acid) and its salts, optical and geometric isomers,
26and salts of isomers.
27 NEW PARAGRAPH. ag. Alpha-phenylacetoacetamide (APAA) and
28its optical isomers.
29 Sec. 11. EFFECTIVE DATE. This division of this Act, being
30deemed of immediate importance, takes effect upon enactment.
31DIVISION II
32IOWA PRESCRIPTION MONITORING PROGRAM
33 Sec. 12. Section 124.555, unnumbered paragraph 1, Code
342022, is amended to read as follows:
35An advisory council shall be established to provide
-4-1oversight to the board and the program and to comanage program
2activities. The board and advisory council shall jointly adopt
3rules specifying the duties and activities of the advisory
4council and related matters.
5 Sec. 13. Section 124.555, subsection 1, Code 2022, is
6amended to read as follows:
71. The council shall consist of eight members appointed
8by the governor board. The members shall include three at
9least one licensed pharmacists pharmacist, four physicians
10 one physician licensed under chapter 148, and one licensed
11prescribing practitioner who is not a physician, and other
12members as determined by the board. The board shall adopt
13rules in accordance with chapter 17A on matters pertaining to
14the council membership, including the terms of appointment and
15quorum. The governor board shall solicit recommendations for
16council members from Iowa health professional licensing boards,
17associations, and societies. The license of each member
18appointed to and serving on the advisory council shall be
19current and in good standing with the professional’s licensing
20board.
21 Sec. 14. Section 124.555, subsection 3, paragraph e, Code
222022, is amended to read as follows:
23e. One physician and one pharmacist member of the council
24shall include in their duties the responsibility for monitoring
25 Monitoring and ensuring that patient confidentiality, best
26interests, and civil liberties are at all times protected and
27preserved during the existence of the program.
28EXPLANATION
29The inclusion of this explanation does not constitute agreement with
30the explanation’s substance by the members of the general assembly.
31This bill relates to controlled substances, including
32amending the controlled substance schedules and information
33collection and reporting requirements under the Iowa
34prescription monitoring program, and including effective date
35provisions.
-5- 1DIVISION I — CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULES — PRECURSOR
2SUBSTANCES REPORTING. The bill makes changes to controlled
3substance schedules I, II, IV, and V in Iowa’s uniform
4controlled substances Act (Code chapter 124) and to the
5precursor substances reporting requirement in Code chapter
6124B to conform to the specific chemical designations of
7the substances contained in Title 21 of the Code of Federal
8Regulations (C.F.R.), parts 1300, 1308, and 1310.
9The division takes effect upon enactment.
10DIVISION II — IOWA PRESCRIPTION MONITORING PROGRAM. This
11division amends the composition and appointment of the Iowa
12prescription monitoring program advisory council. The bill
13changes the advisory council from a governor-appointed council
14to a board-appointed council; removes the minimum number of
15council members; modifies the composition of the council;
16directs the board to adopt rules on matters pertaining to
17council membership including terms of appointment and quorum;
18requires the board to consult with professional organizations
19and licensing boards for counsel membership; and expands the
20responsibility of the council to monitor and ensure that
21patient confidentiality, best interests, and civil liberties
22are at all times protected and preserved during the existence
23of the prescription monitoring program.
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