814APPEALS FROM THE DISTRICT COURT814.1Definition of appeal and discretionary review.For the purposes of this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:1“Appeal” is the right of both the defendant and the state to have specified actions of the district court considered by an appellate court.2“Discretionary review” is the process by which an appellate court may exercise its discretion, in like manner as under the rules pertaining to interlocutory appeals and certiorari in civil cases, to review specified matters not subject to appeal as a matter of right. The supreme court may adopt additional rules to control access to discretionary review.[R60, §4904, 4905; C73, §4520, 4521; C97, §5448; S13, §5448; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §13994; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.1; C79, 81, §814.1]814.2Parties — how designated on appeal.The party seeking review shall be known as the appellant and the adverse party as the appellee, but the title of the action shall not be changed from that in the district court.[R60, §4818, 4819; C73, §4531, 4532; C97, §5455; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14004; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.12; C79, 81, §814.2]814.3Appeals in cases involving more than one defendant.When defendants are tried jointly, they may seek discretionary review or may appeal separately or may join. The appellate court may, in the interest of justice, consolidate appeals or applications for discretionary review.[R60, §4917; C73, §4526; C97, §5451; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §13996; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.3; C79, 81, §814.3]814.4Reserved.814.5The state as appellant or applicant.1Right of appeal is granted the state from:aAn order dismissing an indictment, information, or any count thereof.bA judgment for the defendant on a motion to the indictment or the information.cAn order arresting judgment or granting a new trial.2Discretionary review may be available in the following cases:aAn order dismissing an arrest or search warrant.bAn order suppressing or admitting evidence.cAn order granting or denying a motion for a change of venue.dA final judgment or order raising a question of law important to the judiciary and the profession.[C79, 81, §814.5; 82 Acts, ch 1021, §8, 12(1)]814.6The defendant as appellant or applicant.1Right of appeal is granted the defendant from:aA final judgment of sentence, except in the following cases: 1A simple misdemeanor conviction.2An ordinance violation.3A conviction where the defendant has pled guilty. This subparagraph does not apply to a guilty plea for a class “A” felony or in a case where the defendant establishes good cause.bAn order for the commitment of the defendant for insanity or drug addiction.2Discretionary review may be available in the following cases:aAn order suppressing or admitting evidence.bAn order granting or denying a motion for a change of venue.cAn order denying probation.dSimple misdemeanor and ordinance violation convictions.eAn order raising a question of law important to the judiciary and the profession.fAn order denying a motion in arrest of judgment on grounds other than an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.3A conditional guilty plea that reserves an issue for appeal shall only be entered by the court with the consent of the prosecuting attorney and the defendant or the defendant’s counsel. An appellate court shall have jurisdiction over only conditional guilty pleas that comply with this section and when the appellate adjudication of the reserved issue is in the interest of justice.[C79, 81, §814.6; 82 Acts, ch 1021, §9, 12(1)]2019 Acts, ch 140, §28, 29; 2023 Acts, ch 98, §2814.6APro se filings by defendant currently represented by counsel.1Except as otherwise provided in subsection 3, a defendant who is currently represented by counsel shall not file any pro se document, including a brief, reply brief, or motion, in any Iowa court. The court shall not consider, and opposing counsel shall not respond to, such pro se filings. 2This section does not prohibit a defendant from proceeding without the assistance of counsel. 3A defendant currently represented by counsel may file the following pro se documents:aA pro se motion seeking disqualification of the counsel, which a court may grant upon a showing of good cause.bA pro se notice of appeal.cA pro se response to a motion to withdraw pursuant to rule of appellate procedure 6.1005.2019 Acts, ch 140, §30; 2022 Acts, ch 1110, §1814.7Ineffective assistance claim on appeal in a criminal case.An ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a criminal case shall be determined by filing an application for postconviction relief pursuant to chapter 822. The claim need not be raised on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings in order to preserve the claim for postconviction relief purposes, and the claim shall not be decided on direct appeal from the criminal proceedings.2004 Acts, ch 1017, §2; 2019 Acts, ch 140, §31814.8Duties of prosecuting attorney.1When an appeal is taken or an application made by the state or the defendant the prosecuting attorney shall promptly prepare and deliver to the attorney general so much of the proceedings as are material to the proper disposition of the matter.2When a notice of appeal or application has been filed by an adverse party, the prosecuting attorney shall immediately furnish the attorney general with a copy of said notice.[C97, §301; SS15, §301; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §13999; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.7; C79, 81, §814.8]814.9Indigent’s right to transcript on appeal.If a defendant in a criminal cause has perfected an appeal from a judgment and is determined by the court to be indigent, the court may order a transcript to be made. When an attorney of record is representing an indigent, the attorney shall apply to the district court for the transcript.[C73, §3777; C97, §254; SS15, §254-a2; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14000; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.8; C79, 81, §814.9]83 Acts, ch 186, §10135, 10201; 96 Acts, ch 1193, §6814.10Indigent’s application for transcript in other cases.If a defendant in a criminal cause has been granted discretionary review from an action of the district court and the appellate court deems a transcript or portions thereof are necessary to proper review of the question or questions raised, the district court shall order the transcript to be made if the defendant is determined to be indigent.[C79, 81, §814.10]83 Acts, ch 186, §10136, 10201; 96 Acts, ch 1193, §7814.11Indigent’s right to counsel.1An indigent person is entitled to appointed counsel on the appeal of all cases if the person is entitled to appointment of counsel under section 815.9.2aIf the appeal involves an indictable offense or denial of postconviction relief, the appointment shall be made to the state appellate defender unless the state appellate defender notifies the court that the state appellate defender is unable to handle the case.bIf the state appellate defender is unable to handle the case, the state public defender may transfer the case to a local public defender office, nonprofit organization, or private attorney designated by the state public defender to handle such a case. The state appellate defender shall notify the supreme court of the transfer of a case, and upon such notification the responsibility of the state appellate defender in the case terminates.cIf, after transfer of the case to a local public defender office, nonprofit organization, or private attorney, the local public defender office, nonprofit organization, or private attorney withdraws from the case, the court shall appoint an attorney who has a contract with the state public defender to provide legal services in appellate cases.3aIn a juvenile case under chapter 232 or a proceeding under chapter 600A, the trial attorney shall continue representation throughout the appeal without an additional appointment order unless the court grants the attorney permission to withdraw from the case.bIf the court grants the attorney permission to withdraw, the court shall appoint the state public defender’s designee pursuant to section 13B.4.cIf the state public defender has not made a designation pursuant to section 13B.4 to handle the type of case or the state public defender’s designee is unable to handle the case, the court shall appoint an attorney who has a contract with the state public defender to provide legal services in appellate cases.4aIn all other cases not specified in subsection 2 or 3, or except as otherwise provided in this section, the court shall appoint the state public defender’s designee pursuant to section 13B.4.bIf the state public defender has not made a designation pursuant to section 13B.4 to handle these other types of cases or the state public defender’s designee is unable to handle the case, the court shall appoint an attorney who has a contract with the state public defender to provide legal services in appellate cases to represent an indigent person.5If the court determines that no contract attorney is available to handle the appeal, the court may appoint a noncontract attorney, if the state public defender consents to the appointment of the noncontract attorney. The order of appointment shall include a specific finding that no contract attorney is available and the state public defender consents to the appointment.6The appointment of an attorney shall be on a rotational or equalization basis, considering the experience of the attorney and the difficulty of the case.7An attorney who has been retained or has agreed to represent a person on appeal and subsequently applies to the court for appointment to represent that person on appeal because the person is indigent shall notify the state public defender of the application. Upon the filing of the application, the attorney shall provide the state public defender with a copy of any representation agreement, and information on any moneys earned or paid to the attorney prior to the appointment.8An attorney appointed under this section is not liable to a person represented by the attorney for damages as a result of a conviction in a criminal case unless the court determines in a postconviction proceeding or on direct appeal that the person’s conviction resulted from ineffective assistance of counsel, and the ineffective assistance of counsel is the proximate cause of the damage. In juvenile or civil proceedings, an attorney appointed under this section is not liable to a person represented by the attorney for damages unless it has been determined that the attorney has provided ineffective assistance of counsel and the ineffective assistance of counsel is the proximate cause of the damage.[C79, 81, §814.11]99 Acts, ch 135, §23; 2002 Acts, ch 1067, §14; 2004 Acts, ch 1017, §3; 2005 Acts, ch 19, §119; 2008 Acts, ch 1061, §4 – 6; 2012 Acts, ch 1063, §5; 2013 Acts, ch 90, §210; 2013 Acts, ch 116, §4814.12Appeal by the state — effect.An appeal taken by the state does not stay the operation of a judgment in favor of the defendant, nor does an application for discretionary review.[R60, §4911; C73, §4527; C97, §5452; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14001; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.9; C79, 81, §814.12]814.13Appeal or application by the defendant — effect.An appeal or application for discretionary review taken by the defendant does not stay the execution of the judgment unless the defendant is released on bail or otherwise as provided by law.[R60, §4914, 4915; C73, §4528, 4529; C97, §5453; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14002; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.10; C79, 81, §814.13]814.14Certificate of release.When an appeal is taken by the defendant and the defendant is released, the clerk of the district court must give to the defendant or the defendant’s attorney a certificate, under the seal of the court, that an appeal has been taken and the defendant released. The sheriff or other officer having the defendant in custody must, upon receipt of this certificate, discharge the defendant from custody and return to the clerk of court who issued it the execution under which the sheriff or other officer acted with the sheriff’s or officer’s return thereon.[R60, §4916; C73, §4530; C97, §5454; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14003; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.11; C79, 81, §814.14]814.15Appeals and applications — docketing — when determined.Appeals and applications for discretionary review in criminal cases shall be docketed in the supreme court as provided in the rules of appellate procedure. Such causes shall take precedence over other business, and the appellate court shall consider and determine appeals and applications for discretionary review in criminal actions at the earliest time it may be done considering the rights of parties and proper administration of justice.[R60, §4818, 4819; C73, §4531, 4532; C97, §5455; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14004; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.12; C79, 81, §814.15]85 Acts, ch 157, §4814.16Reserved. 814.17Personal appearance of the defendant.The personal appearance of the defendant in the appellate court on the trial of an appeal, or upon the hearing of a matter of discretionary review, is in no case necessary.[R60, §4920; C73, §4533; C97, §5456; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14005; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.13; C79, 81, §814.17]814.18Reserved. 814.19Hearing in the appellate court — rules of procedure.The record and case shall be presented to the appellate court as provided in the rules of appellate procedure; the provisions of law in civil procedure relating to the filing of decisions and opinions of the appellate court shall apply in such cases.[C97, §5461; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14009; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.17; C79, 81, §814.19]814.20Decisions on appeals or applications by defendant.An appeal or application taken by the defendant shall not be dismissed for an informality or defect in taking it if corrected as directed by the appellate court. The appellate court, after an examination of the entire record, may dispose of the case by affirmation, reversal or modification of the district court judgment. The appellate court may also order a new trial, or reduce the punishment, but shall not increase it.[C51, §3097, 3098; R60, §4921, 4925; C73, §4534, 4538; C97, §5457, 5462; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14006, 14010; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.14, 793.18; C79, 81, §814.20]85 Acts, ch 157, §5814.21Costs.Costs shall be taxed as provided by the rules of appellate procedure.[C97, §5462; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14011; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.19; C79, 81, §814.21]85 Acts, ch 157, §6814.22Reversal — effect.If a judgment against the defendant is reversed, such reversal shall be deemed an order for a new trial, unless the appellate court shall direct a different disposition. In reversing the case, the appellate court may direct that the defendant be discharged and the defendant’s bail exonerated, or if money is deposited instead, that it be returned to the defendant.[C51, §3099; R60, §4927; C73, §4540; C97, §5464; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14013; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.21; C79, 81, §814.22]814.23Affirmance — effect.On a judgment of affirmance against the defendant, the original judgment shall be carried into execution as the appellate court shall direct.[C51, §3100; R60, §4928; C73, §4541; C97, §5465; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14014; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.22; C79, 81, §814.23]814.24Decision recorded and procedendo.The decision of the appellate court with any opinion filed or judgment rendered must be recorded by its clerk. Procedendo shall be issued as provided in the rules of appellate procedure.[C51, §3101, 3102; R60, §4929, 4930; C73, §4542, 4543; C97, §5466; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14016; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.24; C79, 81, §814.24]85 Acts, ch 157, §7814.25Cessation of jurisdiction of appellate court.The jurisdiction of the appellate court shall cease when procedendo is issued. All proceedings for executing the judgment shall be had in the district court or by its clerk.[C51, §3101, 3102; R60, §4929, 4930; C73, §4542, 4543; C97, §5466; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14016; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.24; C79, 81, §814.25]85 Acts, ch 157, §8814.26Judgment enforced.Unless some proceeding in the district court is directed, copies of the judgment of the district court and of the decision on appeal or review, or a copy of the judgment and decision on appeal or review, certified by the clerk of the district court, shall be delivered to the sheriff or proper officer as an execution. The sheriff or proper officer shall be authorized to execute the judgment of the court or take any legal measures required to bring the action to a conclusion.[R60, §4931; C73, §4544; C97, §5467; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14017; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.25; C79, 81, §814.26]814.27Time of confinement deducted.A defendant, confined during the pendency of an unsuccessful review or appeal, or convicted at a new trial ordered by the appellate court, shall have the period of the defendant’s former confinement deducted from the period of confinement fixed on the last verdict of conviction by the district court.[R60, §4933; C73, §4545; C97, §5468; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §14018; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, §793.26; C79, 81, §814.27]814.28General verdicts.When the prosecution relies on multiple or alternative theories to prove the commission of a public offense, a jury may return a general verdict. If the jury returns a general verdict, an appellate court shall not set aside or reverse such a verdict on the basis of a defective or insufficient theory if one or more of the theories presented and described in the complaint, information, indictment, or jury instruction is sufficient to sustain the verdict on at least one count.2019 Acts, ch 140, §32814.29Guilty pleas challenges.If a defendant challenges a guilty plea based on an alleged defect in the plea proceedings, the plea shall not be vacated unless the defendant demonstrates that the defendant more likely than not would not have pled guilty if the defect had not occurred. The burden applies whether the challenge is made through a motion in arrest of judgment or on appeal. Any provision in the Iowa rules of criminal procedure that are inconsistent with this section shall have no legal effect.2019 Acts, ch 140, §33