CHAPTER 42
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION, PUBLIC EDUCATION,
CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS, REPORTING,
AND RECORD MAINTENANCE
567—42.1(455B) Public notification. Any public water supply system which incurs a violation of any type must conduct an initial notification of the public for that violation, as required in this rule. Public water supply systems with an acute violation must follow the public notification provisions of both 42.1(1)“a” and “b.”
	42.1(1) Maximum contaminant level (MCL), maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL), treatment technique, compliance schedule, and health advisory violations. The owner or operator of a public water supply system which fails to comply with an applicable MCL established by 567—41.2(455B) through 567—41.8(455B), maximum residual disinfectant level or disinfection byproduct precursor treatment technique established by 567—43.6(455B), treatment technique established by 567—subrule 43.3(10), fails to comply with the requirements of any compliance schedule prescribed in an operation permit, administrative order, or court order pursuant to 567—subrule 43.2(5), or fails to comply with a health advisory as determined by the department, shall notify persons served by the system as follows:
	a. 	Distribution of public notice.
	(1)	Daily newspaper and mail delivery. Notice shall be given by publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served by the system as soon as possible, but in no case later than 14 days after the violation or failure, and by mail delivery (by direct mail, with the water bill, or by hand delivery) not later than 45 days after the violation or failure. The department may waive mail delivery if it determines that the owner or operator of the public water system in violation has corrected the violation or failure within the 45-day period. The department must issue the waiver in writing and within the 45-day period.
	(2)	Weekly newspaper and mail delivery. If the area served by a public water supply system is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the area and by mail delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or failure. The department may waive mail delivery if it determines that the owner or operator of the public water system in violation has corrected the violation or failure within the 45-day period. The department must issue the waiver in writing and within the 45-day period.
	(3)	Separable distribution systems. If a public water system has a distribution system separable from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections, the department may allow the system to give public notice only to the area served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
	b. 	Additional acute MCL violation notification requirements (electronic media). For violations of the MCLs of contaminants or MRDLs of disinfectants that may pose an acute risk to human health, the owner or operator of a public water supply system shall, as soon as possible but in no case later than 72 hours after the violation, furnish a copy of the notice to the radio and television stations serving the area served by the public water system in addition to meeting the requirements of 42.1(1)“a.” The following violations are acute violations:
	(1)	Any violations specified by the department as posing an acute risk to human health.
	(2)	Violation of the MCL for nitrate, nitrite, or combined nitrate and nitrite as established in 567—paragraph 41.3(1)“b” and determined according to 567—paragraph 41.3(1)“c.”
	(3)	Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms or E. coli are present in the water distribution system, as specified in 567—paragraph 41.2(1)“b”(2).
	(4)	Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak.
	(5)	Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide, as specified in 567—paragraph 43.6(2)“b” and determined according to 567—paragraph 43.6(2)“e.”
For contaminants which pose an acute or immediate threat to public health, the department may require immediate public notification for a boil water order or where to obtain bottled water, via electronic media or door-to-door delivery of the notices.
	c. 	Repeat MCL violation public notice requirements. Following the initial notice given under 42.1(1)“a,” the owner or operator of the public water supply system must give notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail, with the water bill, or by hand delivery), for as long as the violation or failure exists.
	d. 	Additional public notice distribution methods. The owner or operator of a community water system in an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation must, in lieu of the requirements of 42.1(1)“a,” “b,” and “c,” give notice within 14 days (72 hours for an acute violation) after the violation or failure by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Hand delivery must be repeated every three months or posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists.
	e. 	Noncommunity water system public notice distribution requirements. The owner or operator of a noncommunity water system may, in lieu of the requirements of 42.1(1)“a,” “b,” and “c,” give notice within 14 days (72 hours for an acute violation) after the violation or failure by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Hand delivery must be repeated every three months or posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists.
	f. 	Notice to new billing units. The owner or operator of a community water system must give a copy of the most recent public notice for any outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant level, health advisory, treatment technique, or compliance schedule to all billing units or new service connections prior to or at the time service begins.
	42.1(2) Other violations.
	a. 	Applicability. This subrule applies to all public water supply systems which incur a violation due to:
	(1)	Failure to perform monitoring required in 567—Chapter 41, this chapter, and 567—Chapter 43;
	(2)	Failure to comply with a testing procedure established in 567—Chapter 41;
	(3)	Failure to comply with an interim contaminant level;
	(4)	Detection of an unregulated contaminant that exceeds the federal health advisory and the department advises that public notification is necessary;
	(5)	Failure to report the required data to the department;
	(6)	Failure to meet the requirements of this chapter for public notification, public education, or the development and distribution of the consumer confidence report.
	b. 	Initial notification. The public water supply system must notify, by newspaper and by mail delivery (by direct mail, with the water bill, or by hand delivery), persons served by the system within three months of the violation by the methods described in 42.1(1)“a” or by applicable methods described in 42.1(1)“d” or “e.”
	c. 	Repeat notification. Following the initial notice given under 42.1(2)“b,” the owner or operator of the public water supply system must give notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail, with the water bill, or by hand delivery), for as long as the violation or failure exists.
	42.1(3) Notice of available information for synthetic organic chemicals. The owner or operator of a public water supply system shall notify persons served by the system of the availability of the results of sampling conducted for synthetic organic chemicals, under 567—paragraphs 41.11(1)“b” and “c,” by including a notice in the first set of water bills issued by the system after the receipt of the results or by written notice within three months. The public water supply may use the annual consumer confidence report to comply with this requirement. For surface water supply systems, public notification is required only after the first quarter’s monitoring and must include a statement that additional monitoring will be conducted for three or more quarters with the results available upon request. The owner or operator shall also provide to all new billing units or new hookups, prior to or at the time service begins, a copy of the most recent public notice for any outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant level established by 567—41.2(455B) through 567—41.8(455B), results of sampling conducted under 567—paragraphs 41.11(1)“b” and “c,” any notice of a treatment technique requirement established by 567—subrule 43.2(5) and notice of any failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to 567—subrule 43.2(5). The notice shall provide the name and telephone number of a person to contact for information.
	42.1(4) General content of public notice. Each notice required by this rule must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects, the population at risk, the steps that the public water system is taking to correct the violation, the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any, and any preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation is corrected. Each notice shall be conspicuous and shall not contain unduly technical language, unduly small print, language intended to diminish the importance of the notice, or similar problems that frustrate the purpose of the notice. Each notice shall include the telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the public water supply system as a source of additional information concerning the notice. Where appropriate, the notice shall be multilingual.
	42.1(5) Mandatory health effects language. When providing the information on potential adverse health effects required by 42.1(4) in notices of violations of maximum contaminant levels or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting or the continued existence of interim contaminant levels or compliance schedules, or notices of failure to comply with an interim contaminant level or compliance schedule, the owner or operator of the public water system shall include the language specified in Appendix A for each contaminant. (If language for a particular contaminant is not specified in Appendix A at the time notice is required and is not provided by the department, this subrule does not apply.)
	42.1(6) Operation permit compliance schedule public notice requirements. When the director determines that a public water supply system cannot promptly comply with one or more maximum contaminant levels of 567—41.2(455B) through 41.8(455B), and that there is no immediate, unreasonable risk to the health of persons served by the system, a draft operation permit or modified permit will be formulated, which may include interim contaminant levels or a compliance schedule. Prior to issuance of a final permit, notice and opportunity for public participation must be given in accordance with this subrule. The notice shall be circulated in a manner designed to inform interested and potentially interested persons of any proposed interim contaminant level or compliance schedule.
	a. 	Preparation of notice. The public notice shall be prepared by the department and circulated by the applicant within its geographical area as described in 42.1(1)“a.” The public notice shall be mailed by the department to any person upon request.
	b. 	Public comment period. The department shall provide a period of not less than 30 days following the date of the public notice during which time interested persons may submit their written views on the tentative determinations with respect to the operation permit. All written comments submitted during the 30-day comment period shall be retained by the department and considered by the director in the formulation of the director’s final determination with respect to the operation permit. The period for comment may be extended at the discretion of the department.
	c. 	Content of notice. The contents of the public notice of a proposed operation permit shall include at least the following:
	(1)	The name, address, and telephone number of the department.
	(2)	The name and address of the applicant.
	(3)	A statement of the department’s tentative determination to issue the operation permit.
	(4)	A brief description of each applicant’s water supply operations which necessitate the proposed permit conditions.
	(5)	A brief description of the procedures for the formulation of final determinations, including the 30-day comment period required by 42.1(6)“b.”
	(6)	The right to request a public hearing pursuant to this paragraph and any other means by which interested persons may influence or comment upon those determinations.
	(7)	The address and telephone number of places at which interested persons may obtain further information, request a copy of the draft permit prepared pursuant to this paragraph, and inspect and copy the application forms and related documents.
	d. 	Public hearings on proposed operation permits. The applicant or any interested agency, person or group of persons may request or petition for a public hearing with respect to the proposed action. Any such request shall clearly state issues and topics to be addressed at the hearing. Any such request or petition for public hearing must be filed with the director within the 30-day period prescribed in 42.1(6)“b” and shall indicate the interest of the party filing such request and the reasons why a hearing is warranted. The director shall hold an informal and noncontested case hearing if there is a significant public interest (including the filing of requests or petitions for such hearing) in holding such a hearing. Frivolous or insubstantial requests for hearing may be denied by the director. Instances of doubt should be resolved in favor of holding the hearing. Any hearing held pursuant to this subrule shall be held in the geographical area of the system, or other appropriate area at the discretion of the director, and may, as appropriate, consider related groups of permit applications.
	e. 	Public notice of public hearings.
	(1)	Public notice of any hearing held pursuant to this paragraph shall be circulated at least as widely as the notice under 42.1(6)“a” at least 30 days in advance of the hearing.
	(2)	The contents of the public notice of any hearing held pursuant to this paragraph shall include at least the following:
	1.	The name, address, and telephone number of the department;
	2.	The name and address of each applicant whose application will be considered at the hearing;
	3.	A brief reference to the public notice previously issued, including identification number and date of issuance;
	4.	Information regarding the time and location for the hearing;
	5.	The purpose of the hearing;
	6.	A concise statement of the issues raised by the person requesting the hearing;
	7.	The address and telephone number of the premises where interested persons may obtain further information, request a copy of the draft operation permit or modification prepared pursuant to this paragraph, and inspect and copy the application forms and related documents; and
	8.	A brief description of the nature of the hearing, including the rules and procedures to be followed.
	f. 	Decision by the director. Within 30 days after the termination of the public hearing held pursuant to this paragraph or if no public hearing is held within 30 days after the termination of the period for requesting a hearing, the director shall issue or deny the operation permit.
567—42.2(455B) Public education for lead action level exceedance.
	42.2(1) Applicability. A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water samples collected in accordance with 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c” shall deliver the public education materials contained in 42.2(2) in accordance with the requirements in 42.2(4).
	42.2(2) Content of written materials. A water system shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program. Any additional information presented by a system shall be consistent with the information below and be easily understood by lay-persons.
	a. 	Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and (insert name of water supplier) are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by (insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system). This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace each lead service line that we control if the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation, please give us a call at (insert water system’s phone number). This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
	b. 	Health effects of lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery, porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won’t hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination—such as dirt and dust—that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children’s hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths.
	c. 	Lead in drinking water.
	(1)	Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person’s total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person’s total exposure to lead.
	(2)	Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies such as rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome-plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2 percent lead and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0 percent.
	(3)	When water stands for several hours or more in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
	d. 	Steps you can take in the home to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water.
	(1)	Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having your water tested, please call (insert phone number of water system).
	(2)	If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the following precautions:
Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking anytime the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in your home’s plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15 to 30 seconds. If your house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of your home’s plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family’s health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs less than (insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for 30 days) per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible, use the first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and sometimes larger, pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the lead level.
Try not to cook with, or drink water from, the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove.
Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps and running the water from three to five minutes. Thereafter, periodically remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over time.
If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, notify the plumber who did the work and request that the plumber replace the lead solder with lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray and, when scratched with a key, looks shiny. In addition, notify the Iowa department of natural resources about the violation.
Determine whether or not the service line that connects your home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing contractor by checking the city’s record of building permits which should be maintained in the files of the (insert name of department that issues building permits). A licensed plumber can at the same time check to see if your home’s plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to replace the line. If the line is only partially controlled by the (insert name of the city, county, or water system that controls the line), we are required to provide you with information on how to replace your portion of the service line, and offer to replace that portion of the line at your expense and take a follow-up tap water sample within 14 days of the replacement. Acceptable replacement alternatives include copper, steel, iron, and plastic pipes.
Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause electrical shock and fire hazards.
	(3)	The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following additional measures:
Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such as reverse osmosis systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap. However, all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before and after installing the unit.
Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking.
	(4)	You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include: (insert the name of city or county department of public utilities) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about your community’s water supply, and a list of local laboratories that have been certified by EPA for testing water quality; (insert the name of city or county department that issues building permits) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about building permit records that should contain the names of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home; and (insert the Iowa department of public health) at (insert phone number) or the (insert the name of the city or county health department) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your child’s blood tested.
	(5)	The following is a list of some approved laboratories in your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. (Insert names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories.)
	42.2(3) Content of broadcast materials. A water system shall include the following information in all public service announcements submitted under its lead public education program to television and radio stations for broadcasting:
	a. 	Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and drinking water? Because unhealthy amounts of lead can enter drinking water through the plumbing in your home. That’s why I urge you to do what I did. I had my water tested for (insert “free” or dollar amount per sample). You can contact the (insert the name of the city or water system) for information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to lead in drinking water.
	b. 	To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information about this public health concern, please call (insert the phone number of the city or water system).
	42.2(4) Delivery of a public education program.
	a. 	In communities where a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than English, public education materials shall be communicated in the appropriate language(s).
	b. 	A community water system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c” shall, within 60 days:
	(1)	Insert notices in each customer’s water utility bill containing the information in 42.2(2) along with the following alert on the water bill itself in large print: “SOME HOMES IN THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION.”
	(2)	Submit the information in 42.2(2) to the editorial departments of the major daily and weekly newspapers circulated throughout the community.
	(3)	Deliver pamphlets or brochures that contain the public education materials in 42.2(2) to facilities and organizations, including the following: public schools and local school boards; city or county health departments; Women, Infants, and Children and Head Start program(s) whenever available; public and private hospitals and clinics; pediatricians; family planning clinics; and local welfare agencies.
	(4)	Submit the public service announcement in 42.2(3) to at least five of the radio and television stations with the largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the water system.
	c. 	A community water system shall repeat the tasks in 42.2(4)“b”(1) to (3) every 12 months and the tasks in 42.2(4)“b”(4) every 6 months for as long as the system exceeds the lead action level.
	d. 	Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level, a nontransient noncommunity water system shall deliver the public education materials in 42.2(2)“a,” “b,” and “d” as follows:
	(1)	Post informational posters on lead in drinking water in a public place or common area in each of the buildings served by the system; and
	(2)	Distribute informational pamphlets or brochures on lead in drinking water to each person served by the nontransient noncommunity water system.
	e. 	A nontransient noncommunity water system shall repeat the tasks in 42.2(4)“c” at least once during each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level.
	f. 	A water system may discontinue delivery of public education materials if the system has met the lead action level during the most recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c.” Such a system shall recommence public education in accordance with this subrule if it subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any monitoring period.
	42.2(5) Supplemental monitoring and notification of results. A water system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c” shall offer to sample the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the system required to collect and analyze the sample itself.
	42.2(6) Special lead ban public notice. Rescinded IAB 10/18/00, effective 11/22/00.
567—42.3(455B) Consumer confidence reports.
	42.3(1) Applicability and purpose. This rule applies to all community public water supply systems. The purpose of this rule is to establish the minimum requirements for the content of annual reports that community water systems must deliver to their customers. These reports must contain information on the quality of the water delivered by the systems and characterize the risks (if any) from exposure to contaminants in the drinking water in an accurate and understandable manner. The department may assign public notification requirements and assess administrative penalties to any community public water supply system which fails to fulfill the requirements of this rule.
	42.3(2) Reporting frequency.
	a. 	Existing community water systems. Existing community water systems must deliver the first report by October 19, 1999; the second report by July 1, 2000; and subsequent reports annually by July 1 thereafter.
	b. 	New community water systems. New community water systems must deliver their first report by July 1 of the year after their first full calendar year in operation, and annually thereafter.
	c. 	CWS which sells water to another CWS. A community water system that sells water to another community water system must deliver the applicable information required in subrule 42.3(3) to the buyer system:
	(1)	No later than April 19, 1999, for the 1998 report; by April 1, 2000, for the 1999 report; and annually by April 1 thereafter, or
	(2)	On a date mutually agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser, and specifically included in a contract between the parties.
When a consecutive system sells water to another community water system, the seller must provide all applicable information in 42.3(3) to the CWS buying the water from them.
	42.3(3) Content of the reports. Each annual consumer confidence report must contain the following information, at a minimum:
	a. 	Source water identification. The report must identify the source(s) of water delivered by the community public water supply system, including the following:
	(1)	Type of water (e.g., surface water, groundwater, groundwater purchased from another public water supply).
	(2)	Commonly used name of the aquifer, reservoir, or river (if any) and location of the body (or bodies) of water.
	(3)	If a source water assessment has been completed, notify consumers of the availability of this information and the means to obtain it. In addition, systems are encouraged to highlight in the report significant sources of contamination in the source water area if they have readily available information. Where a system has received a source water assessment from the department, the report must include a brief summary of the system’s susceptibility to potential sources of contamination, using language provided by the department or its designee, or written by the owner or operator.
	b. 	Definitions. Each report must include the following definitions:
	(1)	“Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)” means the level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.
	(2)	“Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)” means the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology.
	(3)	Rescinded IAB 10/18/00, effective 11/22/00.
	(4)	A report which contains data on a contaminant for which EPA has set a treatment technique or an action level must include one or both of the following definitions, as applicable:
	1.	“Treatment technique (TT)” means a required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.
	2.	“Action level (AL)” means the concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow.
	(5)	Rescinded IAB 10/18/00, effective 11/22/00.
	c. 	Information on detected contaminants. This paragraph specifies the requirements for information to be included in each report for contaminants subject to mandatory monitoring (except Cryptosporidium, which is listed in 42.3(3)“c”(2)). It applies to the following: contaminants subject to an MCL, action level, or treatment technique (regulated contaminants); contaminants for which monitoring is required by 567—paragraph 41.3(1)“f,”567—41.11(455B), and 567—41.15(455B) (unregulated and special contaminants); and disinfection by-products or microbial contaminants for which monitoring is required by 567—Chapters 40 to 43, except as provided under 42.3(3)“e”(1), and which are detected in the finished water. For the purposes of this subrule, “detected” means at or above the levels prescribed by the following: inorganic contaminants in 567—subparagraph 41.3(1)“e”(1); volatile organic contaminants in 567—paragraph 41.5(1)“b”; synthetic organic contaminants in 567—paragraph 41.5(1)“b”; radionuclide contaminants in 567—paragraph 41.9(1)“c”; and other contaminants with health advisory levels, as assigned by the department.
	(1)	The data relating to these contaminants must be displayed in one table or in several adjacent tables. Any additional monitoring results which a community water system chooses to include in its report must be displayed separately.
	1.	The data must be derived from data collected to comply with departmental monitoring and analytical requirements during calendar year 1998 for the first report and subsequent calendar years thereafter. Where a system is allowed to monitor for contaminants less often than once a year, the table(s) must include the results and date of the most recent sampling and a brief statement indicating that the data presented in the report are from the most recent testing done in accordance with the regulations. No data older than five years need be included.
	2.	For detected regulated contaminants, which are listed in Appendix D, the table(s) must contain:
	●	The MCL for that contaminant, expressed as a number equal to or greater than 1.0 (as provided in Appendix C);
	●	The MCLG for that contaminant, expressed in the same units as the MCL;
	●	If there is no MCL for a detected contaminant, the table must indicate that there is a treatment technique, or specify the action level, applicable to that contaminant, and the report must include the definition for treatment technique or action level, as appropriate, specified in 42.3(3)“b”(4).
3. For contaminants subject to an MCL, except turbidity and total coliforms, the table must contain the highest contaminant level used to determine compliance with a primary drinking water standard and the range of detected levels, as follows:
	●	When compliance with the MCL is determined annually or less frequently: the highest detected level at any sampling point and the range of detected levels expressed in the same units as the MCL (such as inorganic compounds).
	●	When compliance with the MCL is determined by calculating a running annual average of all samples taken at a sampling point: the highest average of any of the sampling points and the range of all sampling points expressed in the same units as the MCL (such as organic compounds and radionuclides).
	●	When compliance with an MCL is determined on a systemwide basis by calculating a running annual average of all samples at all sampling points: the average and range of detection expressed in the same units as the MCL (such as total trihalomethane compounds).
Note:  When rounding of results to determine compliance with the MCL is allowed by the regulations, rounding should be done prior to multiplying the results by the factor listed in Appendix C.
4. For turbidity:
	●	When it is reported pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.7(1)“b”: the highest average monthly value.
	●	When it is reported pursuant to 567—43.5(455B): the highest single measurement and the lowest monthly percentage of samples meeting the turbidity limits specified in 567—43.5(455B) for the filtration technology being used. The report should include an explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity. After January 1, 2002, systems serving more than 10,000 people must report the highest single turbidity measurement and the lowest monthly percentage of samples meeting the turbidity limits specified in 567—43.9(455B) for the filtration technology being used.
5. For lead and copper: the 90th percentile value of the most recent round of sampling and the number of sampling sites exceeding the action level.
	6.	For total coliform:
	●	The highest monthly number of positive samples for systems collecting fewer than 40 samples per month; or
	●	The highest monthly percentage of positive samples for systems collecting at least 40 samples per month.
7. For fecal coliform:
	●	The total number of positive samples; and
	●	The likely source(s) of detected contaminants to the best of the owner’s or operator’s knowledge. Specific information regarding contaminants may be available in sanitary surveys and source water assessments. If the owner or operator lacks specific information on the likely contaminant source, the report must include one or more of the typical sources for that contaminant listed in Appendix D, which are most applicable to the system.
8. If a community water system distributes water to its customers from multiple hydraulically independent distribution systems that are fed by different raw water sources, the table should contain a separate column for each service area and the report should identify each separate distribution system. Alternatively, systems may produce separate reports tailored to include data for each service area.
	9.	The table(s) must clearly identify any data indicating MCL or TT violations, and the report must contain a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation including:
	●	The length of the violation,
	●	The potential adverse health effects,
	●	Actions taken by the system to address the violation, and
	●	The relevant language from Appendix E to describe the potential health effects.
10. For detected unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required, except Cryptosporidium, the table(s) must contain the average and range at which the contaminant was detected. The report may include a brief explanation of the reasons for monitoring for unregulated contaminants.
	11.	For public water supply systems which have fluoride levels greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/L and less than or equal to 4.0 mg/L, the report may contain the language listed in Appendix F, which is intended to alert families about dental problems that might affect children under nine years of age, instead of providing a separate public notification.
	12.	Community public water supply systems may list the most recent results of the special sodium monitoring requirement according to 567—subrule 41.11(3) in the annual report, instead of providing a separate public notification.
	13.	If a contaminant which does not have an MCL, TT, or AL is detected in the water, the PWS must contact the department for the specific health effects language, health advisory level, and contamination sources.
	(2)	If monitoring indicates that Cryptosporidium may be present in the source water or the finished water, or that radon may be present in the finished water, the report must include:
	1.	A summary of the Cryptosporidium monitoring results;
	2.	The radon monitoring results; and
	3.	An explanation of the significance of the results.
	(3)	If the system has performed additional monitoring which indicates the presence of other contaminants in the finished water, the system must report any results which may indicate a health concern. To determine if results may indicate a health concern, the community public water supply can determine if there is a current or proposed maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory by contacting the department or by calling the national Safe Drinking Water Hotline ((800)426-4791). The department considers the detection of a contaminant above a proposed MCL or health advisory to indicate possible health concerns. For such contaminants, the report should include:
	1.	The results of the monitoring; and
	2.	An explanation of the significance of the results noting the existence of a health advisory or a proposed regulation.
	(4)	If the system was required to comply with the federal Information Collection Rule pursuant to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 141, it must include the results of monitoring in compliance with Sections 141.142 and 141.143. These results need only be included for five years from the date of the sample or until any of the detected contaminants become regulated and subject to routine monitoring requirements, whichever comes first.
	d. 	Compliance with 567—Chapters 40, 41, 42, and 43. In addition to the requirements of 567—paragraph 42.3(3)“c”(1)“9,” the report must note any violation that occurred during the year covered by the report of a requirement listed below and include a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects, and the steps the system has taken to correct the violation. Note any violation of the following requirements:
	(1)	Monitoring and reporting of compliance data pursuant to 567—Chapters 41 and 43, which includes any contaminant with a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory;
	(2)	Treatment techniques:
	1.	Filtration and disinfection prescribed by 567—43.5(455B). For systems which have failed to install adequate filtration or disinfection equipment or processes, or have had a failure of such equipment or processes which constitutes a violation, the report must include the following language as part of the explanation of potential adverse health effects: Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
	2.	Lead and copper control requirements. For systems which fail to take one or more actions prescribed by 567—Chapters 41 to 43 pertaining to lead and copper, the report must include the applicable language of Appendix E to this chapter for lead or copper, or both.
	3.	Acrylamide and epichlorohydrin control technologies prescribed by 567—paragraph 41.5(1)“b”(3). For systems which violate the requirements of 567—paragraph 41.5(1)“b”(3), the report must include the relevant language from Appendix E to this chapter.
	(3)	Record keeping of compliance data pursuant to 567—Chapters 40 to 43;
	(4)	Special monitoring requirements; and
	(5)	Violation of the terms of operation permit compliance schedule, or an administrative order or judicial order.
	e. 	Operation permit or administrative order with a schedule which extends the time period in which compliance must be achieved. If a system has been issued a compliance schedule with an extension for compliance, the report must contain:
	(1)	An explanation of the reasons for the extension;
	(2)	The date on which the extension was issued;
	(3)	A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms of the compliance schedule; and
	(4)	A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review or renewal of the compliance schedule.
	f. 	Mandatory report language for explanation of contaminant occurrence. The reports must contain a brief explanation regarding contaminants which may reasonably be expected to be found in drinking water including bottled water. This explanation may include the language of the following subparagraphs (1) to (3). Subparagraph (4) is provided as a minimal alternative to subparagraphs (1) to (3). Systems may also develop their own comparable language. The report also must include the language of 42.3(3)“g.”
	(1)	The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity.
	(2)	Contaminants that may be present in source water include:
	1.	Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife.
	2.	Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally occurring or result from urban storm runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming.
	3.	Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, storm water runoff, and residential uses.
	4.	Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organics, which are byproducts of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban storm water runoff and septic systems.
	5.	Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.
	(3)	In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, the department prescribes regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. The United States Food and Drug Administration regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection for public heath.
	(4)	Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the national Safe Drinking Water Hotline ((800)426-4791).
	g. 	Required additional health information.
	(1)	All systems. All reports must prominently display the following language: Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. The EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the national Safe Drinking Water Hotline ((800)426-4791).
	(2)	Arsenic levels greater than half the MCL (25 μg/L). A system which detects arsenic at levels above 25 μg/L, but below the MCL:
	1.	Must include in its report a short information statement about arsenic, using language such as: EPA is reviewing the drinking water standard for arsenic because of special concerns that it may not be stringent enough. Arsenic is a naturally occurring mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations.
	2.	May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the department.
	(3)	Nitrate levels greater than half the MCL (5 mg/L). A system which detects nitrate at levels above 5 mg/L, but below the MCL:
	1.	Must include a short informational statement about the impacts of nitrate on children using language such as: Nitrate in drinking water at levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Nitrate levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall or agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask advice from your health care provider.
	2.	May write its own education statement, but only in consultation with the department.
	(4)	Nitrite levels greater than half the MCL (0.5 mg/L). A system which detects nitrite at levels above 0.5 mg/L, but below the MCL:
	1.	Must include a short informational statement about the impacts of nitrite on children using language such as: Nitrite in drinking water at levels above 1 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of age. High nitrite levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. If you are caring for an infant you should ask advice from your health care provider.
	2.	May write its own education statement, but only in consultation with the department.
	(5)	Lead 95th percentile levels above the action level (0.015 mg/L). Systems which detect lead above the action level in more than 5 percent (95th percentile) and up to and including 10 percent (90th percentile) of homes sampled:
	1.	Must include a short informational statement about the special impact of lead on children using language such as: Infants and young children are typically more vulnerable to lead in drinking water than the general population. It is possible that lead levels at your home may be higher than at other homes in the community as a result of materials used in your home’s plumbing. If you are concerned about elevated lead levels in your home’s water, you may wish to have your water tested and flush your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using tap water. Additional information is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline ((800)426-4791).
	2.	May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the department.
	(6)	Total trihalomethane (TTHM) levels above 0.080 mg/L but less than the MCL. Systems that detect TTHMs above 0.080 mg/L, but below the MCL in 567—subrule 41.5(1), as an annual average, monitored and calculated under the provisions of 567—paragraph 41.5(1)“e,” must include the health effects language for total trihalomethanes listed in Appendix E.
	h. 	Additional mandatory report requirements.
	(1)	The report must include the telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the community water system as a source of additional information concerning the report.
	(2)	In communities with a large proportion of non-English speaking residents, as determined by the department, the report must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the report or contain a telephone number or address where such residents may contact the system to obtain a translated copy of the report or assistance in the appropriate language.
	(3)	The report must include information (e.g., time and place of regularly scheduled board meetings) about opportunities for public participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water.
	(4)	The systems may include such additional information as they deem necessary for the public education consistent with, and not detracting from, the purpose of the report.
	42.3(4) Report delivery.
	a. 	Required report recipients. Each community water system must mail or otherwise directly deliver one copy of the report to each customer.
	(1)	The system must make a good-faith effort to reach consumers who do not get water bills, using means recommended by the department. An adequate good-faith effort will be tailored to the consumers who are served by the system but are not bill-paying customers, such as renters or workers. A good-faith effort to reach consumers would include a mix of methods appropriate to the particular system such as:
	1.	Posting the reports on the Internet;
	2.	Mailing to postal patrons in metropolitan areas;
	3.	Advertising the availability of the report in the news media;
	4.	Publication in a local newspaper;
	5.	Posting in public places such as cafeterias or lunchrooms of public buildings;
	6.	Delivery of multiple copies for distribution by single-billed customers such as apartment buildings or large private employers;
	7.	Delivery to community organizations.
	(2)	No later than the date the system is required to distribute the report to its customers, each community water system must mail a copy of the report to the department, followed within three months by a certification that the report has been distributed to customers, and that the information is correct and consistent with the compliance monitoring data previously submitted to the department.
	(3)	No later than the date the system is required to distribute the report to its customers, each community water system must deliver the report to any other agency or clearinghouse identified by the department, such as the Iowa department of public health or county board of health.
	b. 	Availability of report. Each community water system must make its report available to the public upon request. Each community water system serving 100,000 or more persons must post its current year’s report to a publicly accessible site on the Internet.
	c. 	Waiver from mailing requirements for systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons. All community public water supply systems with fewer than 10,000 persons served will be granted the waiver, except for those systems which have the following: one or more exceedances of a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory; an administrative order; a court order; significant noncompliance with monitoring or reporting requirements; or an extended compliance schedule contained in the operation permit. Even though a public water supply system has been granted a mailing waiver, subparagraphs 42.3(4)“a”(2) to (4) and paragraph 42.3(4)“b” still apply to all community public water supply systems. A mailing waiver is not allowed for the report covering the year during which one of the previously listed exceptions occurred. Systems which use the mailing waiver must:
	(1)	Publish the reports in one or more local newspapers serving the area in which the system is located;
	(2)	Inform the customers that the reports will not be mailed, either in the newspapers in which the reports are published or by other means approved by the department; and
	(3)	Make the reports available to the public upon request.
	d. 	Waiver from mailing requirements for systems serving 500 or fewer in population. All community public water supply systems serving 500 or fewer persons will be granted the waiver, except for those systems which have the following: one or more exceedances of a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory; an administrative order; a court order; significant noncompliance with monitoring or reporting requirements; or an extended compliance schedule contained in the operation permit. Systems serving 500 or fewer persons which use the waiver may forego the requirements of subparagraphs 42.3(4)“c”(1) and (2) if they provide notice at least once per year to their customers by mail, door-to-door delivery, or by posting that the report is available upon request, in conspicuous places within the area served by the system acceptable to the department. A mailing waiver is not allowed for the report covering the year during which one of the previously listed exceptions occurred. Even though a public water supply system has been granted a mailing waiver, subparagraphs 42.3(4)“a”(2) to (4) and paragraph 42.3(4)“b” still apply to all community public water supply systems.
567—42.4(455B) Reporting.
	42.4(1) Reporting requirements other than for lead and copper.
	a. 	When required by the department, the supplier of water shall report to the department within ten days following a test, measurement or analysis required to be made by 567—Chapter 40, 41, 42, or 43 the results of that test, measurement or analysis in the form and manner prescribed by the department. This shall include reporting of all positive detects within the same specific analytical method.
	b. 	Except where a different reporting period is specified in this rule or 567—Chapters 41 and 43, the supplier of water shall report to the department within 48 hours after any failure to comply with the monitoring requirements set forth in 567—Chapters 41 and 43. The supplier of water shall also notify the department within 48 hours of failure to comply with any primary drinking water regulations.
	c. 	The public water supply system, within ten days of completion of each public notification required pursuant to 42.1(455B), shall submit to the department a representative copy of each type of notice distributed, published, posted, or made available to the persons served by the system or to the media.
	42.4(2) Lead and copper reporting requirements. All water systems shall report all of the following information to the department in accordance with this subrule.
	a. 	Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and copper and for water quality parameter monitoring.
	(1)	A water system shall report the information specified below for all tap water samples within the first ten days following the end of each applicable monitoring period specified in 567—41.4(455B) (i.e., every six months, annually, or every three years).
	1.	The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the location of each site and the criteria under which the site was selected for the system’s sampling pool;
	2.	A certification that each first draw sample collected by the water system is one liter in volume and, to the best of the collector’s knowledge, has stood motionless in the service line, or in the interior plumbing of a sampling site, for at least six hours;
	3.	Where residents collected samples, a certification that each tap sample collected by the residents was taken after the water system informed them of proper sampling procedures specified in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(2)“2”;
	4.	The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period (calculated in accordance with 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“b”(3));
	5.	With the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(4)“1,” the system shall designate any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why sampling sites have changed;
	6.	The results of all tap samples for pH and, where applicable, alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or silica collected under 567—paragraphs 41.4(1)“d”(2) through (5);
	7.	The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under 567—paragraphs 41.4(1)“d”(2) and (5).
	(2)	By the applicable date in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(4)“1” for commencement of monitoring, each community water system which does not complete its targeted sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1)“3” shall send a letter justifying its selection of tier 2 and tier 3 sampling sites under 567—paragraphs 41.4(1)“c”(1)“4” and “5,” whichever is applicable.
	(3)	By the applicable date in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(4)“1” for commencement of monitoring, each nontransient noncommunity water system which does not complete its sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1)“6” shall send a letter to the department justifying its selection of sampling sites under 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1)“7.”
	(4)	By the applicable date in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(4)“1” for commencement of monitoring, each water system with lead service lines that is not able to locate the number of sites served by such lines required under 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1)“8” shall send a letter to the department demonstrating why it was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites based upon the information listed in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1)“2.”
	(5)	Each water system that requests that the department reduce the number and frequency of sampling shall provide the information required under 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(4)“4.”
	b. 	Source water monitoring reporting requirements.
	(1)	A water system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples collected in accordance with 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“e” within the first ten days following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e., annually, per compliance period or per compliance cycle) specified in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“e.”
	(2)	With the exception of the first round of source water sampling conducted pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“e”(2), the system shall specify any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
	c. 	Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable dates under 567—subrule 43.7(1), systems shall report the following information:
	(1)	For systems demonstrating that they have already optimized corrosion control, information required in 567—paragraph 43.7(1)“b”(2) or (3).
	(2)	For systems required to optimize corrosion control, their recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under 567—paragraph 43.7(2)“a.”
	(3)	For systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatments under 567—paragraph 43.7(2)“c,” the information required by that paragraph.
	(4)	For systems required to install optimal corrosion control designated by the department under 567—paragraph 43.7(2)“d,” a letter certifying that the system has completed installing that treatment.
	d. 	Source water treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable dates in 567—paragraph 43.7(3)“b”(1), systems shall provide the following information to the department:
	(1)	If required under 567—paragraph 43.7(3)“b”(1), their recommendation regarding source water treatment;
	(2)	For systems required to install source water treatment under 567—paragraph 43.7(3)“b”(1), a letter certifying that the system has completed installing the treatment designated by this department within 24 months after the department designated the treatment.
	e. 	Lead service line replacement reporting requirements. Systems shall report the following information to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of 567—subrule 43.7(4):
	(1)	Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“a,” the system shall demonstrate in writing to the department that it has conducted a materials evaluation, including the evaluation pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(1) to identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system, and shall provide the department with the system’s schedule for replacing annually at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system.
	(2)	Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“a” and every 12 months thereafter, the system shall demonstrate in writing that the system has either:
	1.	Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7 percent of the initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by the department under 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“f” in its distribution system), or
	2.	Conducted sampling which demonstrates that the lead concentration in all service line samples from individual line(s), taken pursuant to 567—numbered paragraph 41.4(1)“c”(2)“3,” is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and those lines which meet the criteria in 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“c” shall equal at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead lines identified under 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“b” or the percentage specified by the department under 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“f.” A lead service line meeting the criteria of 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“c” may only be used to comply with the 7 percent criteria for a specific year, and may not be used again to calculate compliance with the 7 percent criteria in future years.
	(3)	The annual letter submitted to the department under 42.4(2)“e”(2) shall contain the following information:
	1.	The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during the previous year of the system’s replacement schedule;
	2.	The number and location of each lead service line replaced during the previous year of the system’s replacement schedule;
	3.	If measured, the water lead concentration and location of each lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of sampling.
	(4)	As soon as practicable, but in no case later than three months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“a,” any system seeking to rebut the presumption that it has control over the entire lead service line pursuant to 567—paragraph 43.7(4)“d” shall submit a letter to the department describing the legal authority (e.g., state statutes, municipal ordinances, public service contracts or other applicable legal authority) which limits the system’s control over the service lines and the extent of the system’s control.
	f. 	Public education program reporting requirements. By December 31 of each year, a water system that is subject to the public education requirements in 42.2(455B) shall submit a letter to the department demonstrating that the system has delivered the public education materials that meet the content requirements in 42.2(2) and 42.2(3) and the delivery requirements in 42.2(4). This information shall include a list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television stations, facilities and organizations to which the system delivered public education materials during the previous year. The water system shall submit the letter annually for as long as it exceeds the lead action level.
	g. 	Reporting of additional monitoring data. A system which collects sampling data in addition to that required by 567—Chapters 41 and 43 shall report the results to the department within the first ten days following the end of the applicable monitoring period under 567—paragraphs 41.4(1)“c,” “d,” and “e” during which the samples are collected.
	42.4(3) Operation and maintenance for PWS.
	a. 	Required records of operation.
	(1)	Applicability. Monthly records of operation shall be completed by all public water supplies, on forms provided by the department or on similar forms, unless a public water supply meets all of the following conditions:
	1.	Supplies an annual average of not more than 25,000 gpd or serves no more than an average of 250 individuals daily;
	2.	Is a community public water supply and does not provide any type of treatment, or is a noncommunity system (NTNC and TNC) which has only a cation-exchange softening or iron/manganese removal treatment unit, and meets the requirements of 42.4(3)“a”(2)“7”;
	3.	Does not utilize either a surface water or a groundwater under the direct influence of surface water either in whole or in part as a water source.
	4.	Does not use a treatment technique such as blending to achieve compliance with a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory.
The reports shall be completed as described in 42.4(3)“a”(2) and maintained at the facility for inspection by the department for a period of five years. For CWS and NTNC PWSs, the monthly operation report must be signed by the certified operator in direct responsible charge or the certified operator’s designee. For TNC PWSs, the monthly operation report, if required by the department, must be signed by the owner or the owner’s designee.
All public water supplies must also comply with the record-keeping requirements in 567—43.5(455B).
	(2)	Contents. Monthly operation reports shall be completed as follows:
	1.	Pumpage or flow. Noncommunity supplies shall measure and record the total water used each week. It is recommended that a daily measurement and recording be made. Community supplies shall measure and record daily water used. Reporting of pumpage or flow may be required in an operation permit where needed to verify MCL compliance.
	2.	Treatment effectiveness. Where treatment is practiced, the intended effect of the treatment shall be measured at locations and by methods which best indicate effectiveness of the treatment process. These measurements shall be made pursuant to Appendix B of this chapter. Daily monitoring is seven days a week unless otherwise specified by the department.
	3.	Treatment effectiveness for a primary standard. Where the raw water quality does not meet the requirements of 567—Chapters 41 and 43 and treatment is practiced for the purpose of complying with a maximum contaminant level, action level, health advisory, or treatment technique criteria, daily measurement of the primary standard constituent or an appropriate indicator constituent designated by the department shall be recorded. The department will require reporting of these results in the operation permit to verify MCL compliance.
	4.	Treatment effectiveness for a secondary standard. Where treatment is practiced for the purpose of achieving the recommended level of any constituent designated in the federal secondary standards, measurements shall be measured and recorded at a frequency specified in Appendix B. Daily monitoring is seven days a week unless otherwise specified by the department.
	5.	Chemical application. Chemicals such as fluoride, iodine, bromine and chlorine, which are potentially toxic in excessive concentration, shall be measured and recorded daily. Recording shall include the amount of chemical applied each day. Where the supplier of water is attempting to maintain a residual of the chemical throughout the system, such as chlorine, the residual in the system shall be recorded daily. The quantity of all other chemicals applied shall be measured and recorded at least once each week.
	6.	Static water levels and pumping water levels must be measured and recorded once per month for all groundwater sources. More or less frequent measurements may be approved by the department where historical data justifies it.
	7.	Noncommunity systems (NTNC and TNC) are exempt from the self-monitoring requirements for cation-exchange softening and iron/manganese removal if the treatment unit:
	●	Is a commercially available “off-the-shelf” unit designed for home use;
	●	Is self-contained, requiring only a piping connection for installation;
	●	Operates throughout a range of 35 to 80 psi; and
	●	Has not been installed for the purpose of removing a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory.
	b. 	Chemical quality and application. Any drinking water system chemical which is added to raw, partially treated, or finished water must be suitable for the intended use in a potable water system. Effective on October 1, 2000, the chemical must be certified to meet the current American National Standards Institute/National Sanitation Foundation (ANSI/NSF) Standard 60, if such certification exists for the particular product, unless certified chemicals are not reasonably available for use, in accordance with guidelines provided by the department. If the chemical is not certified by the ANSI/NSF Standard 60 or no certification is available, the person seeking to supply or use the chemical must prove to the satisfaction of the department that the chemical is not toxic or otherwise a potential hazard in a potable public water supply system.
The supplier of water shall keep a record of all chemicals used. This record should include a clear identification of the chemical by brand or generic name and the dosage rate. When chemical treatment is applied with the intent of obtaining an in-system residual, the residuals will be monitored regularly. When chemical treatment is applied and in-system residuals are not expected, the effectiveness of the treatment will be monitored through an appropriate indicative parameter.
	(1)	Continuous disinfection.
	1.	When required. Continuous disinfection must be provided at all public water supply systems, except for the following: groundwater supplies that have no treatment facilities or have only fluoride, sodium hydroxide or soda ash addition and that meet the bacterial standards as provided in 567—41.2(455B) and do not show other actual or potential hazardous contamination by microorganisms.
	2.	Method. Chlorine is the preferred disinfecting agent. Chlorination may be accomplished with liquid chlorine, calcium or sodium hypochlorites or chlorine dioxide. Other disinfecting agents will be considered, provided a residual can be maintained in the distribution system, reliable application equipment is available and testing procedures for a residual are recognized in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater.
	3.	Chlorine residual. A minimum free available chlorine residual of 0.3 mg/L or a minimum total available chlorine residual of 1.5 mg/L must be continuously maintained throughout the water distribution system, except for those points on the distribution system that terminate as dead ends or areas that represent very low use when compared to usage throughout the rest of the distribution system as determined by the department.
	4.	Test kit. A test kit capable of measuring free and combined chlorine residuals in increments no greater than 0.1 mg/L in the range below 0.5 mg/L, and in increments no greater than 0.2 mg/L in the range from 0.5 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L, and in increments no greater than 0.3 mg/L in the range from 1.0 mg/L to 2.0 mg/L must be provided at all chlorination facilities. The test kit must use a method of analysis that is recognized in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater.
	5.	Leak detection, control and operator protection. A bottle of at least 56 percent ammonium hydroxide must be provided at all gas chlorination installations for leak detection. Leak repair kits must be available where ton chlorine cylinders are used.
	6.	Other disinfectant residuals. If an alternative disinfecting agent is approved by this department, the residual levels and type of test kit used will be assigned by the department in accordance with and based upon analytical methods contained in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater.
	(2)	Phosphate compounds.
	1.	When phosphate compounds are to be added to any public water supply system which includes iron or manganese removal or ion-exchange softening, such compounds must be applied after the iron or manganese removal or ion-exchange softening treatment units, unless the director has received and approved an engineering report demonstrating the suitability for addition prior to these units in accordance with the provisions of 567—subrule 43.3(2). The department may require the discontinuance of phosphate addition where it interferes with other treatment processes, the operation of the water system or if there is a significant increase in microorganism populations associated with phosphate application.
	2.	The total phosphate concentration in the finished water must not exceed 10 mg/L as PO4.
	3.	Chlorine shall be applied to the phosphate solution in sufficient quantity to give an initial concentration of 10 mg/L in the phosphate solution. A chlorine residual must be maintained in the phosphate solution at all times.
	4.	Test kits capable of measuring polyphosphate and orthophosphate in a range from 0.0 to 10.0 mg/L in increments no greater than 0.1 mg/L must be provided.
	5.	Continuous application or injection of phosphate compounds directly into a well is prohibited.
	(3)	Fluorosilicic acid. Where fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6, also called hydrofluosilicic acid) is added to a public water supply, the operator shall be equipped with a fluoride test kit with a minimum range of from 0.0 to 2.0 mg/L in increments no greater than 0.1 mg/L. Distilled water and standard fluoride solutions of 0.2 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L must be provided.
	c. 	Reporting and record-keeping requirements for systems using surface water and groundwater under the direct influence of surface water. In addition to the monitoring requirements required by 42.4(3)“a” and “b,” a public water system that uses a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water must report monthly to the department the information specified in this subrule beginning June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
	(1)	Turbidity measurements as required by 567—subrule 43.5(3) must be reported within ten days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
	1.	The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month.
	2.	The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits specified in 567—paragraphs 43.5(3)“b” through “e” for the filtration technology being used.
	3.	The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed 5 NTU. If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must inform the department as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. This requirement is in addition to the monthly reporting requirement, pursuant to 567—43.5(455B).
	(2)	Disinfection information specified in 567—subrule 43.5(2) and 567—paragraph 42.4(3)“b” must be reported to the department within ten days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
	1.	For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/L in water entering the distribution system.
	2.	The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.3 mg/L and when the department was notified of the occurrence. If at any time the residual falls below 0.3 mg/L in the water entering the distribution system, the system must notify the department as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The system also must notify the department by the end of the next business day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.3 mg/L within four hours. This requirement is in addition to the monthly reporting requirement, pursuant to 567—43.5(455B).
	3.	The information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring listed in 567—paragraph 43.5(2)“d” and pursuant to 567—paragraph 41.2(1)“c.”
	d. 	Reporting and record-keeping requirements for disinfection byproducts, disinfectants, and disinfection byproduct precursors.
	(1)	General requirements.
	1.	In addition to the monitoring requirements required by 42.4(3)“a” and “b,” a CWS or NTNC public water system that adds a chemical disinfectant to the water in any part of the drinking water treatment process or which provides water that contains a chemical disinfectant must report monthly to the department the information specified in this paragraph by the dates listed in 567—subparagraphs 41.6(1)“a”(3) and 43.6(1)“a”(3). A TNC public water system which adds chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must report monthly to the department the information specified in this paragraph by the dates listed in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(1)“a”(3)“3.”
	2.	Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the department within ten days after the end of each quarter in which samples were collected, notwithstanding the public notification provisions of 567—42.1(455B). Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the department within ten days after the end of each monitoring period in which samples were collected.
	(2)	Disinfection byproducts. Systems must report the information specified in the following table:
Disinfection Byproducts Reporting Table

If you are a . . .	You must report . . .	
System monitoring for TTHMs and HAA5 under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 41.6(1)“c”(4) on a quarterly or more frequent basis	1.
2.
3.
4.
5.	The number of samples taken during the last quarter.
The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter.
The arithmetic average of all samples taken in the last quarter.
The annual arithmetic average of the quarterly arithmetic averages for the last four quarters.
Whether the MCL was exceeded.	
System monitoring for TTHMs and HAA5 under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 41.6(1)“c”(4) less frequently than quarterly, but at least annually	1.
2.
3.
4.	The number of samples taken during the last year.
The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last monitoring period.
The arithmetic average of all samples taken over the last year.
Whether the MCL was exceeded.	
System monitoring for TTHMs and HAA5 under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 41.6(1)“c”(4) less frequently than annually	1.
2.	The location, date, and result of the last sample taken.
Whether the MCL was exceeded.	
System monitoring for chlorite under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 41.6(1)“c”(3)	1.
2.
3.
4.	The number of samples taken each month for the last 3 months.
The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter.
For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of all samples taken in the month.
Whether the MCL was exceeded, and in which month it was exceeded.	
System monitoring for bromate under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 41.6(1)“c”(2)	1.
2.
3.
4.	The number of samples taken during the last quarter.
The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter.
The arithmetic average of the monthly arithmetic averages of all samples taken in the last year.
Whether the MCL was exceeded.	
	(3)	Disinfectants. In addition to the requirements in 567—subparagraph 41.2(1)“c”(2), systems must report the information specified in the following table:
Disinfectants Reporting Table

If you are a . . .	You must report . . .	
System monitoring for chlorine or chloramines under the requirements of 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(1)“c”(1)“2.”	1.
2.
3.
4.	The number of samples taken during each month of the last quarter.
The monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month for the last 12 months.
The arithmetic average of all monthly averages for the last 12 months.
Whether the MRDL was exceeded.	
System monitoring for chlorine dioxide under the
requirements of
567—numbered paragraph 43.6(1)“c”(1)“3.”	1.
2.
3.	The dates, results, and locations of samples taken during the last quarter.
Whether the MRDL was exceeded.
Whether the MRDL was exceeded in any two consecutive daily samples and whether the resulting violation was acute or nonacute.	
	(4)	Disinfection byproduct precursors and enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening. Systems must report the information specified in the following table:
Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and Enhanced Coagulation or
Enhanced Softening Reporting Table

If you are a . . .	You must report . . .	
System monitoring monthly or quarterly for TOC under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 43.6(1)“c”(2) and required to meet the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening requirements in 567—subparagraph 43.6(3)“b”(2) or (3).	1.
2.
3.
4.
5.	The number of paired (source water and treated water, prior to continuous disinfection) samples taken during the last quarter.
The location, date, and result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
For each month in the reporting period that paired samples were taken, the arithmetic average of the percent reduction of TOC for each paired sample and the required TOC percent removal.
Calculations for determining compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements, as provided in 567—subparagraph 43.6(3)“c”(1).
Whether the system is in compliance with the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening percent removal requirements in 567—paragraph 43.6(3)“b” for the last four quarters.	
System monitoring monthly or quarterly for TOC under the requirements of 567—subparagraph 43.6(1)“c”(2) and meeting one or more of the alternative compliance criteria in 567—subparagraph 43.6(3)“a”(2) or (3).	1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.	The alternative compliance criterion that the system is using.
The number of paired samples taken during the last quarter.
The location, date, and result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water TOC for systems meeting a criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(2)“1” or “3” or of treated water TOC for systems meeting the criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(2)“2.”
The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(2)“5” or of treated water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in 43.6(3)“a”(2)“6.”
The running annual average of source water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(2)“3” and of treated water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in 43.6(3)“a”(3)“1.”
The running annual average for both TTHM and HAA5 for systems meeting the criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(2)“3” or “4.”
The running annual average for the amount of magnesium hardness removal (as CaCO3, in mg/L) for systems meeting the criterion in 567—numbered paragraph 43.6(3)“a”(3)“2.”
Whether the system is in compliance with the particular alternative compliance criterion in 567—subparagraph 43.6(3)“a”(2) or (3).	
567—42.5(455B) Record maintenance.
	42.5(1) Record maintenance requirements. Any owner or operator of a public water system subject to the provisions of this rule shall retain on its premises or at a convenient location near its premises the following records:
	a. 	Analytical records.
	(1)	Actual laboratory reports shall be kept, or data may be transferred to tabular summaries, provided that the following information is included:
	1.	The date, place, and time of sampling, and the name of the person who collected the sample;
	2.	Identification of the sample as to whether it was a routine distribution system sample, check sample, raw or process water sample or other special purpose sample;
	3.	Date of analysis;
	4.	Laboratory and person responsible for performing analysis;
	5.	The analytical technique or method used; and
	6.	The results of the analysis.
	(2)	Record retention for specific analytes.
	1.	Bacteria. Records of bacteriological analyses made pursuant to this subrule shall be kept for not less than five years.
	2.	Chemical: radionuclide, inorganic compounds, organic compounds. Records of chemical analyses made pursuant to 567—Chapter 41 shall be kept for not less than ten years. Additional lead and copper requirements are listed in 42.5(1)“b.”
	b. 	Lead and copper record-keeping requirements. A system subject to the requirements of 42.4(2) shall retain on its premises original records of all data and analyses, reports, surveys, public education, letters, evaluations, schedules, and any other information required by 567—41.4(455B) and 567—Chapter 43. Each water system shall retain the records required by this subrule for 12 years.
	c. 	Records of action (violation correction). Records of action taken by the system to correct violations of primary drinking water regulations (including administrative orders) shall be kept for not less than five years after the last action taken with respect to the particular violation involved.
	d. 	Reports and correspondence relating to sanitary surveys. Copies of any written reports, summaries, or communications relating to sanitary surveys of the system conducted by the system itself, by a private consultant, or by any local, state or federal agency, shall be kept for a period of not less than ten years after completion of the sanitary survey involved.
	e. 	Operation or construction permits. Records concerning an operation or a construction permit issued pursuant to 567—Chapter 43 to the system shall be kept for a period ending not less than ten years after the system achieves compliance with the maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory, or after the system in question completes the associated construction project.
	f. 	Public notification. Records of public notification, including the consumer confidence report, public notification examples, and reports requiring certification of who received the public notification, must be kept for at least five years.
	g. 	Self-monitoring requirement records. The monthly records of operation must be completed as described in 42.4(3)“a”(2) and maintained at the facility for inspection by the department for a period of at least five years.
	42.5(2) Reserved.
These rules are intended to implement Iowa Code sections 455B.171 through 455B.188 and 455B.190 through 455B.192.
APPENDIX A:
MANDATORY HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
Acrylamide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that acrylamide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from acrylamide are sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove particulate contaminants. Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large doses of acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. EPA has set the drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of acrylamide in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to acrylamide.
Alachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, alachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to alachlor.
Aldicarb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb.
Aldicarb sulfoxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in groundwater is primarily a breakdown product of aldicarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfoxide may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide.
Aldicarb sulfone. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfone is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone is formed from the breakdown of aldicarb and is considered for registration as a pesticide under the name aldoxycarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfone may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfone.
Antimony. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils, groundwater and surface waters and is often used in the flame-retardant industry. It is also used in ceramics, glass, batteries, fireworks and explosives. It may get into drinking water through natural weathering of rock, industrial production, municipal waste disposal or manufacturing processes. This chemical has been shown to decrease longevity and to alter blood levels of cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for antimony at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to antimony.
Asbestos. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral. Most asbestos fibers in drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in length and occur in drinking water from natural sources and from corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution system. The major uses of asbestos were in the production of cements, floor tiles, paper products, paint, and caulking; in transportation-related applications; and in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a popular insulating and fire-retardant material. Inhalation studies have shown that various forms of asbestos have produced lung tumors in laboratory animals. The available information on the risk of developing gastrointestinal tract cancer associated with the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is limited. Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysotile asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length is associated with causing benign tumors in male rats. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long fibers per liter to reduce the potential risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to asbestos.
Atrazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to affect offspring of rats and the hearts of dogs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to atrazine.
Barium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that barium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some aquifers that serve as sources of groundwater. It is also used in oil and gas drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles and jet fuels. It generally gets into drinking water after dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the ground. This chemical may damage the heart and cardiovascular system and is associated with high blood pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA believes that effects from barium on blood pressure should not occur below 2 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. EPA has set the drinking water standard for barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to barium.
Benzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a solvent and degreaser of metals. It is also a major component of gasoline. Drinking water contamination generally results from leaking underground gasoline and petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of leukemia among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
Benzo(a)pyrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzo(a)pyrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are common sources of general exposure. The major source of benzo(a)pyrene in drinking water is the leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for benzo(a)pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to benzo(a)pyrene.
Beryllium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils, groundwater and surface waters and is often used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from processing plants and improper waste disposal. Beryllium compounds have been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is limited evidence to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment on noncancer effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for beryllium at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to beryllium.
Bromate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that bromate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Bromate is formed as a byproduct of ozone disinfection of drinking water. Ozone reacts with naturally occurring bromide in the water to form bromate. Bromate has been shown to produce cancer in rats. EPA has set a drinking water standard to limit exposure to bromate.
Cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Food and the smoking of tobacco are common sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is a contaminant in the metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets into water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the kidneys. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cadmium.
Carbofuran. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, carbofuran may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. EPA has set the drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to carbofuran.
Carbon tetrachloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
Chloramines. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chloramines are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chloramines are added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms and are also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended periods of time, chloramines have been shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chloramines to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chloramines.
Chlordane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide used to control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in soils. It usually gets into drinking water after application near water supply intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chlordane.
Chlorine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine is added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms and is also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended periods of time, chlorine has been shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorine to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorine dioxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine dioxide is used in water treatment to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms and can be used to control tastes and odors. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses, chlorine dioxide-treated drinking water has been shown to affect blood in laboratory animals. Also, high levels of chlorine dioxide in drinking water given to laboratory animals have been shown to cause neurological effects on the developing nervous system. These neurodevelopmental effects may occur as a result of a short-term excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. To protect against such potentially harmful exposures, EPA requires chlorine dioxide monitoring at the treatment plant, where disinfection occurs, and at representative points in the distribution system serving water users. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorine dioxide to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. (Note: One of the following two paragraphs must be included with the language of the previous paragraph.)
A. Systems with a nonacute violation at the treatment plant must also include the following language: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, and do not include violations within the distribution system serving users of this water supply. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to present consumers.
B. Systems with an acute violation in the distribution system must also include the following language: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system serving water users. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including pregnant women, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to adverse effects of excessive exposure to chlorine dioxide-treated water. The purpose of this notice is to advise that such persons should consider reducing their risk of adverse effects from these chlorine dioxide violations by seeking alternate sources of water for human consumption until such exceedances are rectified. Local and state health authorities are the best sources for information concerning alternate drinking water.
Chlorite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorite is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorite is formed from the breakdown of chlorine dioxide, a drinking water disinfectant. Chlorite in drinking water has been shown to affect blood and the developing nervous system. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorite to protect against these effects. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of these risks and should be considered safe with respect to chlorite.
Chromium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in the ground and is often used in the electroplating of metals. It generally gets into water from runoff from old mining operations and improper waste disposal from plating operations. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed to high levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage, dermatitis and respiratory problems. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chromium.
Coliforms: Fecal coliforms/E. coli (to be used when there is a violation of 567—subparagraph 41.2(1)“b”(2) or both 567—subparagraphs 41.2(1)“b”(1) and (2)). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a serious health concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not harmful themselves, but their presence in drinking water is serious because they usually are associated with sewage or animal wastes. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water is generally a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard all drinking water samples must be free of these bacteria. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little or none of this risk and should be considered safe. State and local health authorities recommend that consumers take the following precautions: (to be inserted by the public water supply system, according to instructions from state or local authorities).
Coliforms: Total coliforms (to be used when there is a violation of 567—subparagraph 41.2(1)“b”(1) and not a violation of 567—subparagraph 41.2(1)“b”(2)). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of total coliforms is a possible health concern. Total coliforms are common in the environment and are generally not harmful themselves. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for total coliforms to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month can contain these bacteria, except that systems collecting fewer than 40 samples per month that have one total coliform-positive sample per month are not violating the standard. Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with a health risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered safe.
Copper. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is often used to plumb residential and commercial structures that are connected to water distribution systems. Copper contaminating drinking water as a corrosion by-product occurs as the result of the corrosion of copper pipes that remain in contact with water for a prolonged period of time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high doses it has been shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, and anemia. Persons with Wilson’s disease may be at a higher risk of health effects due to copper than the general public. EPA’s national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to install optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3 parts per million (ppm) in more than 90 percent of tap water samples (the EPA “action level”) are not required to install or improve their treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove copper in source water is needed.
Cyanide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in electroplating, steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics and fertilizer products. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally poisoned with cyanide. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to cyanide.
2,4-D. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide and to control algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4-D.
Dalapon. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used herbicide. It may get into drinking water after application to control grasses in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dalapon at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dalapon.
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, dibromochloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP.
1,2-Dichlorobenzene (ortho-Dichlorobenzene). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that o-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides and dyes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys and the blood cells of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to o-dichlorobenzene.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (para-Dichlorobenzene). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a component of deodorizers, mothballs, and pesticides. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
1,2-Dichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes, and resins. It generally gets into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
1,1-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
Dichloromethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It is used in the manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and as an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking water after improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dichloromethane.
1,2-Dichloropropane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. It may also get into drinking water through improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 1,2-dichloropropane.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a variety of products, including synthetic rubber, food packaging materials and cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage liver and testes in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which is primarily used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
Dinoseb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used pesticide and generally gets into drinking water after application on orchards, vineyards and other crops. This chemical has been shown to damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dinoseb.
Diquat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and causes cataract formation in laboratory animals such as dogs and rats exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to diquat.
Disinfection byproducts and treatment techniques for DBPs. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and requires the disinfection of drinking water. However, when used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA has determined that a number of DBPs are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Certain DBPs, including some trihalomethanes (THMs) and some haloacetic acids (HAAs), have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Other DBPs have been shown to affect the liver and the nervous system, and cause reproductive or developmental effects in laboratory animals. Exposure to certain DBPs may produce similar effects in people. EPA has set standards to limit exposure to THMs, HAAs, and other DBPs. Drinking water which meets the EPA standards is associated with little to none of these risks and should be considered safe with respect to the disinfection byproducts.
Endothall. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that endothall is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endothall.
Endrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide no longer registered for use in the United States. However, this chemical is persistent in treated soils and accumulates in sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver, kidneys and heart in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endrin.
Epichlorohydrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking water by improper use of these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to epichlorohydrin.
Ethylbenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a major component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys, liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for ethylbenzene at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, EDB may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for EDB at 0.00005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to EDB.
Fluoride. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires that we send you this notice on the level of fluoride in your drinking water. The drinking water in your community has a fluoride concentration of 	 (the public water supply shall insert the compliance result which triggered notification under this subrule) milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Federal regulations require that fluoride, which occurs naturally in your water supply, not exceed a concentration of 4.0 mg/L in drinking water. This is an enforceable standard called a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), and it has been established to protect the public health. Exposure to drinking water levels above 4.0 mg/L for many years may result in some cases of crippling skeletal fluorosis, which is a serious bone disorder.
Federal law also requires that we notify you when monitoring indicates that the fluoride in your drinking water exceeds 2.0 mg/L. This is intended to alert families about dental problems that might affect children under nine years of age. The fluoride concentration of your water exceeds this federal guideline.
Fluoride in children’s drinking water at levels of approximately 1 mg/L reduces the number of dental cavities. However, some children exposed to levels of fluoride greater than about 2.0 mg/L may develop dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis, in its moderate and severe forms, is a brown staining or pitting of the permanent teeth.
Because dental fluorosis occurs only when developing teeth (before they erupt from the gums) are exposed to elevated fluoride levels, households without children are not expected to be affected by this level of fluoride. Families with children under the age of nine are encouraged to seek other sources of drinking water for their children to avoid the possibility of staining and pitting.
Your water supplier can lower the concentration of fluoride in your water so that you will still receive the benefits of cavity prevention while the possibility of stained and pitted teeth is minimized. Removal of fluoride may increase your water costs. Treatment systems are also commercially available for home use. Information on such systems is available at the address given below. Low fluoride bottled drinking water that would meet all standards is also commercially available.
For further information, contact 	 (the public water supply shall insert the name, address, and telephone number of a contact person at the public water system) at your water system.
Glyphosate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control grasses and weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for glyphosate at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to glyphosate.
Heptachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor.
Heptachlor epoxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor epoxide may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor epoxide at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor epoxide.
Hexachlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of certain solvents and pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorobenzene.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants. It may get into water by discharge from production facilities. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys and the stomach of laboratory animals when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
Lead. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have frequently been used in the construction of water supply distribution systems, and plumbing systems in private homes and other buildings. The most commonly found materials include service lines, pipes, brass and bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes. Lead in these materials can contaminate drinking water as a result of the corrosion that takes place when water comes into contact with those materials. Lead can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low levels of exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies and young children, slight deficits in the attention span, hearing, and learning abilities of children, and slight increases in the blood pressure of some adults. EPA’s national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to optimize corrosion control to minimize lead contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have lead concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in more than 90 percent of tap water samples (the EPA “action level”) have optimized their corrosion control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor its source water to determine whether treatment to remove lead in source water is needed. Any water system that continues to exceed the action level after installation of corrosion control or source water treatment must eventually replace all lead service lines contributing in excess of 15 ppb of lead to drinking water. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also undertake a public education program to inform consumers of ways they can reduce their exposure to potentially high levels of lead in drinking water.
Lindane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, lindane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and immune system of laboratory animals such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and circulatory system. EPA has established the drinking water standard for lindane at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to lindane.
Mercury. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is used in electrical equipment and some water pumps. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury.
Methoxychlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, methoxychlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It has also been shown to produce growth retardation in rats. EPA has set the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to methoxychlor.
Microbiological contaminants (for use when there is a violation of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection in 567—43.5(455B)). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of microbiological contaminants is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. If water is inadequately treated, microbiological contaminants in that water may cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set enforceable requirements for treating drinking water to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Treatment such as filtering and disinfecting the water removes or destroys microbiological contaminants. Drinking water which is treated to meet EPA requirements is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
Monochlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for monochlorobenzene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to monochlorobenzene.
Nitrate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and wastes from humans or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from those activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child’s blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and state health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite is additive, EPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrate.
Nitrite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is found in sewage and wastes from humans or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water as a result of those activities. While excessive levels of nitrite in drinking water have not been observed, other sources of nitrite have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child’s blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and state health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at 10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrite.
Oxamyl. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for the control of insects and other pests. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to oxamyl.
Pentachlorophenol. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a wood preservative, herbicide, disinfectant, and defoliant. It generally gets into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to pentachlorophenol.
Picloram. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into groundwater as a result of pesticide application and improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and liver in laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to picloram.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic chemicals were once widely used in electrical transformers and other industrial equipment. They generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal or leaking electrical industrial equipment. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to PCBs.
Selenium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an essential nutrient at low levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is found naturally in food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy operations, the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs, and as a fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure to high levels of selenium over a long period of time has resulted in a number of adverse health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to selenium.
Simazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may leach into groundwater or run off into surface water after application. This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to simazine.
Styrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is commonly used to make plastics and is sometimes a component of resins used for drinking water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and nervous system in laboratory animals when exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for styrene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to styrene.
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dioxin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an impurity in the production of some pesticides. It may get into drinking water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at 0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dioxin.
2,4,5-TP. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
Tetrachloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry cleaning. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to tetrachloroethylene.
Thallium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is found naturally in soils and is used in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys, liver, brain and intestines of laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to thallium.
Toluene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking underground storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toluene.
Toxaphene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a pesticide widely used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples and other crops. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toxaphene at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toxaphene.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a dye carrier and as a precursor in herbicide manufacture. It generally gets into drinking water by discharges from industrial activities. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal glands. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse effects among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1,1-trichloro-ethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene. It generally gets into water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys and liver of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,1,2-trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,1,2-trichloro-ethane.
Trichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a common metal-cleaning and dry-cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set forth the enforceable drinking water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
Vinyl chloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl chloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for vinyl chloride at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
Xylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes and as a solvent for pesticides, and as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It usually gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidneys and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to xylene.
APPENDIX B:
MINIMUM SELF-MONITORING REQUIREMENTS (SMR)
I. Minimum Self-Monitoring Requirements for TNCs (excluding surface water or influenced groundwater PWSs)
Notes:
	●	The self-monitoring requirements (SMRs) only apply to those supplies meeting the criteria in 42.4(3)“a”(1).
	●	TNCs are exempt from the self-monitoring requirements for point-of-use treatment devices, unless the device is used to remove a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique, in which case additional SMRs will be assigned by the department.
	●	Daily monitoring for TNCs applies only when the facility is in operation.
	●	Additional or more frequent monitoring requirements may be assigned by the department in the operation permit.
	●	Additional SMRs are required if treatment is used to remove a regulated contaminant. See Section II for the requirements under the specific treatment type.
General Requirements
All TNCs which meet the criteria in 42.4(3)“a”(1) must measure the following parameters, where applicable. Additional SMRs are required if treatment is used to remove a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique. See Section II for the requirements under the specific treatment type.

PWS Type:	TNC*	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	
Pumpage (Flow)	raw:
final:	1/week
1/week	
Disinfectant Residual	final:
distribution system**:	1/day
1/day	
Disinfectant, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/day	
Static Water and Pumping
Water Levels (Drawdown)	each active well:	1/month	
*TNCs must measure and record the total water used each week, but daily measurements are recommended, and may be required by the department in specific PWSs.
**Monitoring is to be conducted at representative points in the distribution system which adequately demonstrate compliance with 42.4(3)“b”(1).
II. Minimum Self-Monitoring Requirements for CWS, NTNC, and IGW/SW TNC
Notes:
	●	The self-monitoring requirements (SMR) only apply to those supplies meeting the criteria in 42.4(3)“a”(1).
	●	NTNCs are exempt from the self-monitoring requirements for point-of-use treatment devices, unless the device is used to remove a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory, in which case additional SMRs will be assigned by the department.
	●	Daily monitoring for NTNCs and IGW/SW TNCs applies only when the facility is in operation.
	●	These are the minimum self-monitoring requirements. Additional or more frequent monitoring requirements may be assigned by the department in the operation permit.
A. General Requirements
All PWSs which meet the criteria in 42.4(3)“a”(1) must measure the following parameters, where applicable:

PWS Type:	IGW TNC	NTNC*	CWS	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	Frequency	
Pumpage (Flow)	raw:
bypass:
final:	1/day
1/day	1/week
1/week
1/week	1/day
1/day
1/day	
Static Water and Pumping Water Levels (Drawdown)	each active well:	1/month	1/month	1/month	
*NTNCs must measure and record the total water used each week, but daily measurements are recommended, and may be required by the department in specific PWSs.
B. Chemical Addition
All PWSs which apply chemicals in the treatment process must monitor the following parameters, for the applicable processes:

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	0.1-0.5 MGD	>0.5 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	Frequency	
DISINFECTION	
Disinfectant Residual	final:
distribution system*:	1/day
1/day	1/day
1/day	1/day
1/day	
Disinfectant, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/day	1/day	1/day	
FLUORIDATION	
Fluoride	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/day	1/month
1/day	1/month
1/day	
Fluoride, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/day	1/day	1/day	
pH ADJUSTMENT	
pH	final:	1/week	2/week	1/day	
Caustic Soda, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/week	1/week	1/week	
PHOSPHATE ADDITION	
Phosphate, as PO4	final:	1/week	2/week	1/day	
Phosphate, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/week	1/week	1/week	
OTHER CHEMICALS	
Chemical	final:	1/week	2/week	1/day	
Chemical, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/week	1/week	1/week	
*Monitoring is to be conducted at representative points in the distribution system which adequately demonstrate compliance with 42.4(3)“b”(1).
C. Iron or Manganese Removal
Nonmunicipalities except rural water systems, benefited water districts, and publicly owned PWSs are exempt from monitoring of iron/manganese removal equipment unless the treatment is or was installed to remove a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory. Any chemicals which are applied during the treatment process must be measured under section “B. Chemical Addition” of this table.

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	0.1-0.5 MGD	>0.5 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	Frequency	
Iron	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
Manganese	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
D. pH Adjustment for Iron and Manganese Removal, by precipitation and coagulation processes utilizing lime, soda ash, or other chemical additions. Testing is only required if a specific chemical is added.

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	0.1-0.5 MGD	>0.5 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	Frequency	
Alkalinity	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
Iron	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
Manganese	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
pH	raw:
final:	1/week
1/week	1/week
2/week	1/week
1/day	
E. Cation Exchange (Zeolite) Softening
Nonmunicipalities except for rural water systems and benefited water districts are exempt from the monitoring of water quality parameters associated with ion-exchange softening unless the treatment is or was installed to remove a contaminant which has a maximum contaminant level, treatment technique, action level, or health advisory.

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	0.1-0.5 MGD	>0.5 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	Frequency	
Hardness as CaCO3	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/week	1/month
2/week	1/month
1/day	
pH	final:	1/week	2/week	1/day	
Sodium	final:	1/year	1/year	1/year	
F. Direct Filtration of Surface Waters or Influenced Groundwaters

Pumpage or Flow:	All	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	
CT Ratio	final:	1/day	
Disinfectant Residual	source/entry point:
distribution system*:	see 567—subrules 43.5(2) and 43.5(4), and 567—43.6(455B) for the specific requirements	
Disinfectant, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/day	
pH	final:	1/day	
Temperature	raw:	1/day	
Turbidity	raw:
final:	see 567—subrules 43.5(3) and 43.5(4), and 567—43.9(455B) for the specific requirements	
*Monitoring is to be conducted at representative points in the distribution system which adequately demonstrate compliance with 567—subrule 43.5(2), 567—subrule 43.5(4), and 567—43.6(455B).
G. Clarification or Lime Softening of Surface Waters or Influenced Groundwaters

Pumpage or Flow:	All	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	
Alkalinity	raw:
final:	1/day
1/day	
Caustic Soda, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/week	
CT Ratio	final:	1/day	
Disinfectant Residual	source/entry point:
distribution system*:	see 567—subrules 43.5(2) and 43.5(4), and 567—43.6(455B) for the specific requirements	
Disinfectant, quantity used	day tank/scale:	1/day	
Hardness as CaCO3	raw:
final:	1/day
1/day	
Odor	raw:
final:	1/week
1/day	
pH	raw:
final:	1/day
1/day	
Temperature	raw:	1/day	
Turbidity	raw:
final:	see 567—subrules 43.5(3) and 43.5(4), and 567—43.9(455B) for the specific requirements	
*Monitoring is to be conducted at representative points in the distribution system which adequately demonstrate compliance with 567—subrule 43.5(2), 567—subrule 43.5(4), and 567—43.6(455B).
H. Lime Softening of Groundwaters (excluding IGW)

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	>0.1 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	
Alkalinity	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/day	1/month
1/day	
Hardness as CaCO3	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/day	1/month
1/day	
pH	raw:
final:	1/week
1/day	1/week
1/day	
Temperature	raw:	1/week	1/week	
I. Reverse Osmosis or Electrodialysis

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	>0.1 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	
Alkalinity	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/day	1/month
1/day	
Hardness as CaCO3	raw:
final:	1/quarter
1/day	1/month
1/day	
Iron	raw:	1/day	1/day	
Manganese	raw:	1/day	1/day	
pH	raw:
final:	1/week
1/day	1/week
1/day	
Total Dissolved Solids	raw:	1/month	1/month	
J. Anion Exchange (i.e., Nitrate Reduction)

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	>0.1 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	
Nitrate	raw:
final:	1/day
1/day	1/day
1/day	
Sulfate	raw:
final:	1/week
1/week	1/week
1/week	
K. Activated Carbon for TTHM, VOC, or SOC Removal (GAC or PAC)

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	>0.1 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)	final:	1/quarter	1/month	
L. Air-Stripping for TTHM, VOC, or SOC Removal

Pumpage or Flow:	0.025-0.1 MGD	>0.1 MGD	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	Frequency	
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)	final:	1/quarter	1/month	
M. Lead and Copper: Corrosion Control and Water Quality Parameters
The specific SMRs for corrosion control and water quality parameters are listed in 567—paragraph 41.4(1)“d” and 567—subrules 43.8(1) and 43.8(2).
N. Consecutive PWSs Supplied by a Surface Water or IGW PWS

Pumpage or Flow:	All	

Parameter	Sample Site	Frequency	
Disinfectant Residual	source/entry point:
distribution system*:	1/day
1/day	
Disinfectant, quantity used (if applicable)	day tank/scale:	1/day	
Pumpage or Flow	master meter:	1/day	
*Monitoring is to be conducted at representative points in the distribution system.
APPENDIX C:
CONVERTING MCL COMPLIANCE VALUES FOR CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
Key
AL Action Level
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL million fibers per liter
mrem/year millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
N/A not applicable
NTU nephelometric turbidity units
pCi/L picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppb parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (μg/L)
ppm parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/L)
ppq parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter (pg/L)
ppt parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter (ng/L)
TT Treatment Technique
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant	MCL in
compliance units (mg/L)	multiply by...	MCL in CCR units	MCLG in CCR units	

Total coliform
bacteria	 	 	presence of coliform bacteria in > 5% of monthly samples	0	
Fecal coliform and
E. coli	 	 	A routine sample and a repeat sample are total coliform positive, and one is also fecal coliform or E. coli positive	0	
Turbidity	 	 	TT (NTU)	n/a	
RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant	MCL in compliance units (mg/L)	multiply by...	MCL
in CCR units	MCLG
in CCR units	
Beta/photon emitters	4 mrem/yr	 	4 mrem/yr	0	
Alpha emitters	15 pCi/L	 	15 pCi/L	0	
Combined radium	5 pCi/L	 	5 pCi/L	0	
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant	MCL in compliance units (mg/L)	multiply by...	MCL
in CCR units	MCLG
in CCR units	
Antimony	0.006	1000	6 ppb	6	
Arsenic	0.05	1000	50 ppb	n/a	
Asbestos	7 MFL	 	7 MFL	7	
Barium	2	 	2 ppm	2	
Beryllium	0.004	1000	4 ppb	4	
Cadmium	0.005	1000	5 ppb	5	
Chromium	0.1	1000	100 ppb	100	
Copper	AL = 1.3	 	AL=1.3 ppm	1.3	
Cyanide	0.2	1000	200 ppb	200	
Fluoride	4	 	4 ppm	4	
Lead	AL = 0.015	1000	AL=15 ppb	0	
Mercury (inorganic)	0.002	1000	2 ppb	2	
Nitrate (as Nitrogen)	10	 	10 ppm	10	
Nitrite (as Nitrogen)	1	 	1 ppm	1	
Selenium	0.05	1000	50 ppb	50	
Thallium	0.002	1000	2 ppb	0.5	
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, including Pesticides and Herbicides

Contaminant	MCL in compliance units (mg/L)	multiply by...	MCL
in CCR units	MCLG
in CCR units	
2,4-D	0.07	1000	70 ppb	70	
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)	0.05	1000	50 ppb	50	
Acrylamide	 	 	TT	0	
Alachlor	0.002	1000	2 ppb	0	
Atrazine	0.003	1000	3 ppb	3	
Benzo(a)pyrene [PAHs]	0.0002	1,000,000	200 ppt	0	
Carbofuran	0.04	1000	40 ppb	40	
Chlordane	0.002	1000	2 ppb	0	
Dalapon	0.2	1000	200 ppb	200	
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate	0.4	1000	400 ppb	400	
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	0.006	1000	6 ppb	0	
Dibromochloropropane	0.0002	1,000,000	200 ppt	0	
Dinoseb	0.007	1000	7 ppb	7	
Diquat	0.02	1000	20 ppb	20	
Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD]	0.00000003	1,000,000,000	30 ppq	0	
Endothall	0.1	1000	100 ppb	100	
Endrin	0.002	1000	2 ppb	2	
Epichlorohydrin	 	 	TT	0	
Ethylene dibromide	0.00005	1,000,000	50 ppt	0	
Glyphosate	0.7	1000	700 ppb	700	
Heptachlor	0.0004	1,000,000	400 ppt	0	
Heptachlor epoxide	0.0002	1,000,000	200 ppt	0	
Hexachlorobenzene	0.001	1000	1 ppb	0	
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene	0.05	1000	50 ppb	50	
Lindane	0.0002	1,000,000	200 ppt	200	
Methoxychlor	0.04	1000	40 ppb	40	
Oxamyl [Vydate]	0.2	1000	200 ppb	200	
PCBs
[Polychlorinated biphenyls]	0.0005	1,000,000	500 ppt	0	
Pentachlorophenol	0.001	1000	1 ppb	0	
Picloram	0.5	1000	500 ppb	500	
Simazine	0.004	1000	4 ppb	4	
Toxaphene	0.003	1000	3 ppb	0	
VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant	MCL in compliance units (mg/L)	multiply by...	MCL
in CCR units	MCLG
in CCR units	
Benzene	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
Carbon tetrachloride	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
Chlorobenzene	0.1	1000	100 ppb	100	
o-Dichlorobenzene	0.6	1000	600 ppb	600	
p-Dichlorobenzene	0.075	1000	75 ppb	75	
1,2-Dichloroethane	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
1,1-Dichloroethylene	0.007	1000	7 ppb	7	
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene	0.07	1000	70 ppb	70	
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene	0.1	1000	100 ppb	100	
Dichloromethane	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
1,2-Dichloropropane	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
Ethylbenzene	0.7	1000	700 ppb	700	
Styrene	0.1	1000	100 ppb	100	
Tetrachloroethylene	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene	0.07	1000	70 ppb	70	
1,1,1-Trichloroethane	0.2	1000	200 ppb	200	
1,1,2-Trichloroethane	0.005	1000	5 ppb	3	
Trichloroethylene	0.005	1000	5 ppb	0	
TTHM
[Total trihalomethanes]	0.10	1000	100 ppb	N/A	
Toluene	1	 	1 ppm	1	
Vinyl Chloride	0.002	1000	2 ppb	0	
Xylene	10	 	10 ppm	10	
APPENDIX D:
REGULATED CONTAMINANTS TABLES FOR CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
Key
AL Action Level
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL million fibers per liter
mrem/year millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
N/A not applicable
NTU nephelometric turbidity units
pCi/L picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppb parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (μg/L)
ppm parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/L)
ppq parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter (pg/L)
ppt parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter (ng/L)
TT Treatment Technique
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	
Total coliform bacteria	0	presence of coliform bacteria in >5% of monthly samples	Naturally present in the environment	
Fecal coliform and E. coli	0	A routine sample and a
repeat sample are total
coliform positive, and one is also fecal coliform or E. coli positive	Human and animal fecal waste	
Turbidity (NTU)	N/A	TT	Soil runoff	
RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	
Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr)	0	4	Decay of natural and man-made deposits	
Alpha emitters (pCi/L)	0	15	Erosion of natural deposits	
Combined radium (pCi/L)	0	5	Erosion of natural deposits	
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	
Antimony (ppb)	6	6	Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder	
Arsenic (ppb)	N/A	50	Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards; runoff from glass and electronic production wastes	
Asbestos (MFL)	7	7	Decay of asbestos cement water mains; erosion of
natural deposits	
Barium (ppm)	2	2	Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge from metal
refineries; erosion of natural deposits	
Beryllium (ppb)	4	4	Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning
factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries	
Cadmium (ppb)	5	5	Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural
deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints	
Chromium (ppb)	100	100	Discharge from steel and pulp mills; erosion of
natural deposits	
Copper (ppm)	1.3	AL=1.3	Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits; leaching from wood preservatives	
Cyanide (ppb)	200	200	Discharge from steel/metal factories; discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories	
Fluoride (ppm)	4	4	Water additive which promotes strong teeth; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from fertilizer and
aluminum factories	
Lead (ppb)	0	AL=15	Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits	
Mercury
[inorganic] (ppb)	2	2	Erosion of natural deposits; discharge from refineries and factories; runoff from landfills; runoff from
cropland	
Nitrate [as N] (ppm)	10	10	Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits	
Nitrite [as N] (ppm)	1	1	Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits	
Selenium (ppb)	50	50	Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries;
erosion of natural deposits; discharge from mines	
Thallium (ppb)	0.5	2	Leaching from ore-processing sites; discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories	
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, including Pesticides and Herbicides

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	

2,4-D (ppb)	70	70	Runoff from herbicide used on row crops	
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) (ppb)	50	50	Residue of banned herbicide	
Acrylamide	0	TT	Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment	
Alachlor (ppb)	0	2	Runoff from herbicide used on row crops	
Atrazine (ppb)	3	3	Runoff from herbicide used on row crops	
Benzo(a)pyrene [PAHs] (ppt)	0	200	Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines	
Carbofuran (ppb)	40	40	Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa	
Chlordane (ppb)	0	2	Residue of banned termiticide	
Dalapon (ppb)	200	200	Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way	
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (ppb)	400	400	Discharge from chemical factories	
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (ppb)	0	6	Discharge from rubber and chemical factories	
Dibromochloropropane (ppt)	0	200	Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards	
Dinoseb (ppb)	7	7	Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables	
Diquat (ppb)	20	20	Runoff from herbicide use	
Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq)	0	30	Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; discharge from chemical factories	
Endothall (ppb)	100	100	Runoff from herbicide use	
Endrin (ppb)	2	2	Residue of banned insecticide	
Epichlorohydrin	0	TT	Discharge from industrial chemical factories; an impurity of some water treatment chemicals	
Ethylene dibromide (ppt)	0	50	Discharge from petroleum refineries	
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, including Pesticides and Herbicides (cont’d)

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	
Glyphosate (ppb)	700	700	Runoff from herbicide use	
Heptachlor (ppt)	0	400	Residue of banned termiticide	
Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)	0	200	Breakdown of heptachlor	
Hexachlorobenzene (ppb)	0	1	Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories	
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb)	50	50	Discharge from chemical factories	
Lindane (ppt)	200	200	Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens	
Methoxychlor (ppb)	40	40	Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock	
Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)	200	200	Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes	

PCBs (ppt)
[Polychlorinated biphenyls]	0	500	Runoff from landfills; discharge of waste chemicals	
Pentachlorophenol (ppb)	0	1	Discharge from wood preserving factories	
Picloram (ppb)	500	500	Herbicide runoff	
Simazine (ppb)	4	4	Herbicide runoff	
Toxaphene (ppb)	0	3	Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle	
VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant (units)	MCLG	MCL	Major Source in drinking water	

Benzene (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from factories; leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills	
Carbon tetrachloride (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities	
Chlorobenzene (ppb)	100	100	Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories	
o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)	600	600	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)	75	75	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb)	7	7	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)	70	70	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)	100	100	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
Dichloromethane (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories	
1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
Ethylbenzene (ppb)	700	700	Discharge from petroleum refineries	
Styrene (ppb)	100	100	Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; leaching from landfills	
Tetrachloroethylene (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from factories and dry cleaners	
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb)	70	70	Discharge from textile-finishing factories	
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb)	200	200	Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories	
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb)	3	5	Discharge from industrial chemical factories	
Trichloroethylene (ppb)	0	5	Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories	
TTHM (ppb)
[Total trihalomethanes]	N/A	100	By-products of drinking water chlorination	
Toluene (ppm)	1	1	Discharge from petroleum factories	
Vinyl Chloride (ppb)	0	2	Leaching from PVC piping; discharge from plastics factories	
Xylene (ppm)	10	10	Discharge from petroleum factories; discharge from chemical factories	
APPENDIX E:
HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
(1) Total coliform. Coliforms are bacteria which are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems.
(2) Fecal coliform/E. coli. Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.
(3) Turbidity. Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS
(4) Beta/photon emitters. Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(5) Alpha emitters. Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. People who drink water containing these alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(6) Combined radium 226/228. Some people who drink water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
(7) Antimony. Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.
(8) Arsenic. Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(9) Asbestos. Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps.
(10) Barium. Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure.
(11) Beryllium. Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions.
(12) Cadmium. Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
(13) Chromium. Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.
(14) Copper. Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson’s disease should consult their personal doctor.
(15) Cyanide. Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid.
(16) Fluoride. Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Children may get mottled teeth.
(17) Lead. Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.
(18) Mercury (inorganic). Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
(19) Nitrate. Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.
(20) Nitrite. Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.
(21) Selenium. Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail loss, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation.
(22) Thallium. Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS INCLUDING PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES
(23) 2,4-D. Some people who drink water containing the weedkiller 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.
(24) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex). Some people who drink water containing Silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
(25) Acrylamide. Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(26) Alachlor. Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(27) Atrazine. Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or difficulties with their reproductive system.
(28) Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs). Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(29) Carbofuran. Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood or nervous or reproductive systems.
(30) Chlordane. Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(31) Dalapon. Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.
(32) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Some people who drink water containing DBCP in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(33) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. Some people who drink water containing di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties.
(34) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Some people who drink water containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver or experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(35) Dinoseb. Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
(36) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(37) Diquat. Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts.
(38) Endothall. Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.
(39) Endrin. Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
(40) Epichlorohydrin. Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(41) Ethylene dibromide. Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(42) Glyphosate. Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties.
(43) Heptachlor. Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(44) Heptachlor epoxide. Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(45) Hexachlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(46) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or kidneys.
(47) Lindane. Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.
(48) Methoxychlor. Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
(49) Oxamyl (Vydate). Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.
(50) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls). Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(51) Pentachlorophenol. Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(52) Picloram. Some people who drink water containing picloram well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
(53) Simazine. Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.
(54) Toxaphene. Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
(55) Benzene. Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(56) Carbon tetrachloride. Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(57) Chlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.
(58) o-Dichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.
(59) para-Dichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood.
(60) 1,2-Dichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(61) 1,1-Dichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
(62) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
(63) trans-1,2-Dicholoroethylene. Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloro-ethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
(64) Dichloromethane. Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(65) 1,2-Dichloropropane. Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(66) Ethylbenzene. Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
(67) Styrene. Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.
(68) Tetrachloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(69) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands.
(70) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system or circulatory system.
(71) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune system.
(72) Trichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(73) TTHMs (Total Trihalomethanes). Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous system and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(74) Toluene. Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.
(75) Vinyl chloride. Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
(76) Xylene. Some people who drink water containing xylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.
APPENDIX F:
HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR FLUORIDE LEVELS BETWEEN 2 AND 4 MG/L
Your public water supplier must notify customers when monitoring indicates that the fluoride in your drinking water exceeds 2.0 mg/L. This is intended to alert families about dental problems that might affect children under nine years of age. The fluoride concentration of your water exceeds this federal guideline.
Fluoride in children’s drinking water at levels of approximately 1 mg/L reduces the number of dental cavities. However, some children exposed to levels of fluoride greater than about 2.0 mg/L may develop dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis, in its moderate and severe forms, is a brown staining or pitting of the permanent teeth, or both.
Because dental fluorosis occurs only when developing teeth (before they erupt from the gums) are exposed to elevated fluoride levels, households without children are not expected to be affected by this level of fluoride.
Families with children under the age of nine are encouraged to seek other sources of drinking water for their children to avoid the possibility of staining and pitting.
Your water supplier can lower the concentration of fluoride in your water so you will still receive the benefits of cavity prevention while the possibility of stained and pitted teeth is minimized. Removal of fluoride may increase your water costs. Treatment systems are also commercially available for home use. Information on such systems is available at the address given by your public water supplier. Low fluoride bottled drinking water that would meet all standards is also commercially available.
[Filed 7/23/99, Notice 4/7/99—published 8/11/99, effective 9/15/99]
[Filed 9/29/00, Notice 6/14/00—published 10/18/00, effective 11/22/00]