641—41.1 (136C) X-rays in the healing arts.
	 41.1(1) Scope. This rule establishes requirements, for which a registrant is responsible, for use of X-ray equipment and imaging systems by or under the supervision of an individual authorized by and licensed in accordance with state statutes to engage in the healing arts or veterinary medicine.
	  a.   	 The provisions of Chapter 41 are in addition to, and not in substitution for, any other applicable portions of 641—Chapters 38 to 42.
	  b.   	 All references to any Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in this chapter are those in effect as of July 9, 2008.
	 41.1(2) Definitions. For the purpose of this chapter, the definitions of 641—Chapters 38 and 40 may also apply. The following are specific to 641—Chapter 41.
“Accessible surface” means the external surface of the enclosure or housing of the radiation producing machine as provided by the manufacturer.
“Added filtration” means any filtration which is in addition to the inherent filtration.
“Aluminum equivalent” means the thickness of type 1100 aluminum alloy affording the same attenuation, under specified conditions, as the material in question.
“Attenuation block” means a block or stack, having dimensions 20 centimeters by 20 centimeters by 3.8 centimeters, of type 1100 aluminum alloy or other materials having equivalent attenuation.
“Automatic exposure control (AEC)” means a device which automatically controls one or more technique factors in order to obtain at a preselected location(s) a required quantity of radiation (see also “Phototimer”). (Includes devices such as phototimers and ion chambers.)
“Base density” means the optical density due to the supporting base of the film alone. The base density of a film is the optical density that would result if an unexposed film were processed through the fixer, wash, and dryer, without first passing through the developer.
“Base plus fog density” means the optical density of a film due to its base density plus any action of the developer on the unexposed silver halide crystals. The base plus fog density can be measured by processing an unexposed film through the entire processing cycle and measuring the resultant optical density.
“Beam monitoring system” means a system designed to detect and measure the radiation present in the useful beam.
“C-arm X-ray system” means an X-ray system in which the image receptor and X-ray tube housing assembly are connected by a common mechanical support system in order to maintain a desired spatial relationship. This system is designed to allow a change in the projection of the beam through the patient without a change in the position of the patient.
“Cassette” means a light-tight case, usually made of thin, low X-ray absorption plastic, for holding X-ray film. One or two intensifying screens for the conversion of X-rays to visible light photons are mounted inside the cassette so that they are in close contact to the film.
“Cephalometric device” means a device intended for the radiographic visualization and measurement of the dimensions of the human head.
“Certified components” means components of X-ray systems which are subject to regulations promulgated under Public Law 90-602, the “Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968,” the Food and Drug Administration.
“Certified system” means any X-ray system which has one or more certified component(s).
“Coefficient of variation”  or “C”  means the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of a population of observations. It is estimated using the following equation:

 	 	 	 	 	 	n
<fo:wrapper font-size="12pt">∑</fo:wrapper>
i = 1	 	 	 	 	½	 	where:
s = Estimated standard deviation of the population.
X = Mean value of observations in sample.
Xi = ith observation in sample.
n = Number of observations in sample.	
c <fo:wrapper font-size="12pt">=</fo:wrapper>	s	=	1	 			 	(xi – x)2		 	 		
	x		x	 			 	n – 1		 	 		

“Computed tomography” means the production of a tomogram by the acquisition and computer processing of X-ray transmission data.
“Control chart” means a chart used to record (and control) the results of quality control testing as a function of time.
“Control limit” means the range of variation on a control chart beyond which action must be taken to correct the results of quality control testing.
“Control panel” (see X-ray control panel).
“Cooling curve” means the graphical relationship between heat units stored and cooling time.
“CT” (see “Computed tomography”).
“Dead-man switch” means a switch so constructed that a circuit closing contact can be maintained only by continuous pressure on the switch by the operator.
“Dedicated mammography equipment” means X-ray systems designed specifically for breast imaging, providing optimum imaging geometry, a device for breast compression and low dose exposure that can generate reproducible images of high quality.
“Densitometer” means an instrument which measures the degree of blackening (or radiographic density) of film due to radiation or light by measuring the ratio of the light intensity incident on the film to the light intensity transmitted by the film.
“Detents” means mechanical settings that limit or prevent the motion or rotation of an X-ray tube, cassette assembly, or image receptor system.
“Developer” means a chemical solution (alkaline) that changes the latent image (exposed silver halide crystals) on a film to a visible image composed of minute masses of black metallic silver.
“Developer replenishment” means the process, occurring as film travels past a certain point in the processor, triggering the activation of a pump, whereby fresh developer is added in small amounts to the solution in the developer tank of the processor. The purpose is to maintain the proper alkalinity, chemical activity, and level of solution in the developer tank.
“Diagnostic mammography” means mammography performed on an individual who, by virtue of symptoms or physical findings, is considered to have a substantial likelihood of having breast disease.
“Diagnostic source assembly” means the tube housing assembly with a beam-limiting device attached.
“Direct scattered radiation” means that scattered radiation which has been deviated in direction only by materials irradiated by the useful beam (see “Scattered radiation”).
“Entrance exposure rate” means the exposure free in air per unit time at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient.
“Equipment” (see “X-ray equipment”).
“Field emission equipment” means equipment which uses an X-ray tube in which electron emission from the cathode is due solely to the action of an electric field.
“Filter” means material placed in the useful beam to preferentially absorb selected radiations.
“Fixer” means a chemical solution (acidic) which removes the unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals from film so it will not discolor or darken with age or exposure to light. Fixer also hardens the gelatin containing the black metallic silver so film may be dried and resist damage from abrasions.
“Fixer retention” means the inadequate removal of fixer from the film by the water in the wash tank of the processor. Retained fixer causes eventual brown discoloration of the radiograph.
“Fluoroscopic imaging assembly” means a subsystem in which X-ray photons produce a visual image. It includes the image receptor(s) such as the image intensifier and spot-film device, electrical interlocks, if any, and structural material providing linkage between the image receptor and diagnostic source assembly.
“Focal spot (actual)” means the area projected on the anode of the X-ray tube bombarded by the electrons accelerated from the cathode and from which the useful beam originates.
“Focal spot size” means the area of the target or anode that is bombarded by electrons from the cathode of the X-ray tube to produce X-rays. The smaller the focal spot, the better the limited spatial resolution of the X-ray system, especially in magnification mammography.
“Fog” means the density added to a radiograph due to unwanted action of the developer on the unexposed silver halide crystals or by light, radiation, chemical, or heat exposure during storage, handling, and processing.
“General purpose radiographic X-ray system” means any radiographic X-ray system which, by design, is not limited to radiographic examination of specific anatomical regions.
“Gonad shield” means a protective barrier for the testes or ovaries.
“Healing arts screening” means the use of radiation on human beings for the detection or evaluation of health indicators for which the individual is considered at high risk when such tests are not specifically and individually ordered by:
	  1. 	 An individual authorized under 41.1(3)“a”(7), or
	  2. 	 An individual licensed as a physician in Iowa and listed as an authorized user on an NRC or agreement state radioactive materials license.
“Heat unit” means a unit of energy equal to the product of the peak kilovoltage, milliamperes, and seconds, i.e., kVp × mA × second.
“Image contrast” means the amount of radiographic density difference between adjacent areas resulting from a fixed amount of attentuation difference or light exposure difference.
“Image intensifier” means a device, installed in its housing, which instantaneously converts an X-ray pattern into a corresponding light image of higher energy intensity.
“Image noise” See “Radiographic noise.”
“Image quality” means the overall clarity and detail of a radiographic image. Limiting spatial resolution (or resolving power), image sharpness, and image contrast are three common measures of image quality.
“Image receptor” means any device, such as a fluorescent screen or radiographic film, which transforms incident X-ray photons either into a visible image or into another form which can be made into a visible image by further transformations.
“Image sharpness” means the overall impression of detail and clarity in a radiographic image.
“Inherent filtration” means the filtration of the useful beam provided by the permanently installed components of the tube housing assembly.
“Kilovolts peak” (see “Peak tube potential”).
“kVp” (see “Peak tube potential”).
“kWs” means kilowatt second.
“Leakage technique factors” means the technique factors associated with the diagnostic or therapeutic source assembly which are used in measuring leakage radiation. They are defined as follows:
a. For diagnostic source assemblies intended for capacitor energy storage equipment, the maximum- rated peak tube potential and the maximum-rated number of exposures in an hour for operation at the maximum-rated peak tube potential with the quantity of charge per exposure being 10 millicoulombs, i.e., 10 milliampere seconds, or the minimum obtainable from the unit, whichever is larger.
b. For diagnostic source assemblies intended for field emission equipment rated for pulsed operation, the maximum-rated peak tube potential and the maximum-rated number of X-ray pulses in an hour for operation at the maximum-rated peak tube potential.
c. For all other diagnostic or therapeutic source assemblies, the maximum-rated peak tube potential and the maximum-rated continuous tube current for the maximum-rated peak tube potential.
“Linear attenuation coefficient” or “μ” means the quotient of dN/N divided by dl when dN/N is the fraction of uncharged ionizing radiation that experience interactions in traversing a distance dl in a specified material.
“Line-voltage regulation” means the difference between the no-load and the load line potentials expressed as a percent of the load line potential. It is calculated using the following equation:
Percent line-voltage regulation = 100 (Vn-Vl)/Vl
where
Vn = No-load line potential and
Vl = Load line potential.
“mAs” means milliampere second.
“Maximum line current” means the root-mean-square current in the supply line of an X-ray machine operating at its maximum rating.
“Mobile X-ray equipment” (see “X-ray equipment”).
“PBL” (see “Positive beam limitation”).
“Phototimer” means a method for controlling radiation exposures to image receptors by the amount of radiation which reaches a radiation-monitoring device(s). The radiation-monitoring device(s) is part of an electronic circuit which controls the duration of time the tube is activated (see “Automatic exposure control”).
“PID” (see “Position indicating device”).
“Portable X-ray equipment” (see “X-ray equipment”).
“Position indicating device” means a device on dental X-ray equipment used to indicate the beam position and to establish a definite source-surface (skin) distance. It may or may not incorporate or serve as a beam-limiting device.
“Positive beam limitation” means the automatic or semiautomatic adjustment of an X-ray beam to the size of the selected image receptor, whereby exposures cannot be made without such adjustment.
“Processor” means an automated device which transports film in a controlled manner by a system of rollers through specialized sections where developing, fixing, washing, and drying of the film occur.
“Protective apron” means an apron made of radiation-absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure.
“Protective glove” means a glove made of radiation-absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure.
“Quality assurance” means the overall program of testing and maintaining the highest possible standards of quality in the acquisition and interpretation of radiographic images.
“Quality control” means the actual process of testing and maintaining the highest possible standards of quality in equipment performance and the acquisition and interpretation of radiographic images.
“Radiation therapy simulation system” means a radiographic or fluoroscopic X-ray system intended for localizing the volume to be exposed during radiation therapy and confirming the position and size of the therapeutic irradiation field.
“Radiograph” means an image receptor on which the image is created directly or indirectly by an X-ray pattern and results in a permanent record.
“Radiographic contrast” means the magnitude of optical density difference between structures of interest and their surroundings, or between areas of film receiving different amount of X-ray or visible light exposure.
“Radiographic noise” means unwanted fluctuations in optical density on the screen-film image.
“Rating” means the operating limits as specified by the component manufacturer.
“Recording” means producing a permanent form of an image resulting from X-ray photons.
“Repeat (or reject) analysis” means a systematic approach to determine the causes for radiographs being discarded or repeated, or both.
“Replenishment rate” means the amount of chemicals added in order to maintain the proper chemical activity of developer and fixer solutions.
“Response time” means the time required for an instrument system to reach 90 percent of its final reading when the radiation-sensitive volume of the instrument system is exposed to a step change in radiation flux from zero sufficient to provide a steady state midscale reading.
“Safelight” means a source of minimal visible light in a darkroom, produced at frequencies (colors) to which the film is insensitive, protecting the film from unwanted exposure (fog) while allowing personnel to function more efficiently and safely.
“Screen” means microscopic phosphor crystals on a plastic support used in conjunction with either single or double emulsion film; the screen emits visible light when exposed to X-radiation, creating a latent image on X-ray film.
“Screen-film combination” means a particular intensifying screen used with a particular type of film. Care must be taken to match the number of screens (one or two) to the number of emulsions coating the film and to match the light output spectrum of the screen to the light sensitivity of the film.
“Screen-film contact” means the close proximity of the intensifying screen to the emulsion of the film, necessary in order to achieve a sharp image on the film.
“Sensitometer” means a device used to reproducibly expose a piece of film to a number of different levels of light intensity.
“Sensitometric strip” means a sheet of film exposed by a sensitometer, resulting in a gray scale range. Such strips are used to measure the range of densities, from minimum to maximum, resulting from a reproducible set of exposures.
“Sensitometry” means a quantitative measurement of the response of film to exposure and development. Sensitometry is used to test the processor setup and stability.
“SID” (see “Source-image receptor distance”).
“Source” means the focal spot of the X-ray tube.
“Source-image receptor distance” means the distance from the source to the center of the input surface of the image receptor.
“Spot check” means a procedure which is performed to ensure that a previous calibration continues to be valid.
“Spot film” means a radiograph which is made during a fluoroscopic examination to permanently record conditions which exist during that fluoroscopic procedure.
“Spot-film device” means a device intended to transport or position a radiographic image receptor between the X-ray source and fluoroscopic image receptor. It includes a device intended to hold a cassette over the input end of an image intensifier for the purpose of making a radiograph.
“Stationary X-ray equipment” (see “X-ray equipment”).
“Technique factors” means the following conditions of operation:
a. For capacitor energy storage equipment, peak tube potential in kV and quantity of charge in mAs;
b. For field emission equipment rated for pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, and number of X-ray pulses;
c. For CT X-ray systems designed for pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, scan time in seconds, and either tube current in mA, X-ray pulse width in seconds, and the number of X-ray pulses per scan, or the product of tube current, X-ray pulse width, and the number of X-ray pulses in mAs;
d. For CT X-ray systems not designed for pulsed operation, peak tube potential in kV, and either tube current in mA and scan time in seconds, or the product of tube current and exposure time in mAs and the scan time when the scan time and exposure time are equivalent; and
e. For all other equipment, peak tube potential in kV, and either tube current in mA and exposure time in seconds, or the product of tube current and exposure time in mAs.
“Tomogram” means the depiction of the X-ray attenuation properties of a section through the body.
“Tube rating chart” means the set of curves which specify the rated limits of operation of the tube in terms of the technique factors.
“Useful beam” means the radiation emanating from the tube housing port or the radiation head and passing through the aperture of the beam-limiting device when the exposure controls are in a mode to cause the system to produce radiation.
“Variable-aperture beam-limiting device” means a beam-limiting device which has capacity for stepless adjustment of the X-ray field size at a given SID.
“Viewbox” means a device by which a uniform field of white light is transmitted through an X-ray so that the image on the film may be seen.
“Visible area” means that portion of the input surface of the image receptor over which incident X-ray photons are producing a visible image.
“X-ray control panel” means a device which controls input power to the X-ray high-voltage generator and the X-ray tube. It includes equipment such as timers, phototimers, automatic brightness stabilizers, and similar devices, which control the technique factors of an X-ray exposure.
“X-ray equipment” means an X-ray system, subsystem, or component thereof. Types of X-ray equipment are as follows:
a. “Mobile X-ray equipment” means X-ray equipment mounted on a permanent base with wheels or casters for moving while completely assembled.
b. “Portable X-ray equipment” means X-ray equipment designed to be hand-carried.
c. “Stationary X-ray equipment” means X-ray equipment which is installed in a fixed location.
“X-ray exposure control” means a device, switch, button or similar means by which an operator initiates or terminates the radiation exposure. The X-ray exposure control may include such associated equipment as timers and backup timers.
“X-ray field” means that area of the intersection of the useful beam and any one of the set of planes parallel to and including the plane of the image receptor, whose perimeter is the locus of points at which the exposure rate is one-fourth of the maximum in the intersection.
“X-ray high-voltage generator” means a device which transforms electrical energy from the potential supplied by the X-ray control to the tube operating potential. The device may also include means for transforming alternating current to direct current, filament transformers for the X-ray tube(s), high-voltage switches, electrical protective devices, and other appropriate elements.
“X-ray system” means an assemblage of components for the controlled production of X-rays. It includes minimally an X-ray high-voltage generator, an X-ray control, a tube housing assembly, a beam-limiting device, and the necessary supporting structures. Additional components which function with the system are considered integral parts of the system.
“X-ray table” means a patient support device with its patient support structure (tabletop) interposed between the patient and the image receptor during radiography or fluoroscopy. This includes, but is not limited to, any stretcher equipped with a radiolucent panel and any table equipped with a cassette tray (or bucky), cassette tunnel, image intensifier, or spot-film device beneath the tabletop.
	 41.1(3) Administrative controls.
	  a.   	 Registrant. The registrant shall be responsible for maintaining and directing the operation of the X-ray system(s) under the registrant’s administrative control, for ensuring that the requirements of these rules are met in the operation of the X-ray system(s), and for having the following minimum tests performed by a registered service facility according to the following schedule:
	  1. 	 Medical/chiropractic: timer accuracy, exposure reproducibility, kVp accuracy as set forth in 41.1(6), and light field/X-ray field alignment as set forth in 41.1(6) every two years.
	  2. 	 Dental/podiatry: timer accuracy, exposure reproducibility and kVp accuracy as set forth in 41.1(7) every four years.
	  3. 	 Fluoroscopic: entrance exposure rate (41.1(5)“c”), and minimum SSD (41.1(5)“f”) annually.
	  4. 	 Veterinary systems are exempt from the above testing requirements.
All service and installation shall be performed by persons registered under 641—subrule 39.3(3). The registrant or the registrant’s agent shall ensure that the requirements of these rules are met in the operation of the X-ray system(s).
	 (1) 	 An X-ray system which does not meet the provisions of these rules shall not be operated for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes unless so directed by the agency. All position locking, holding, and centering devices on X-ray system components and systems shall function as intended. All X-ray systems shall be maintained in good mechanical repair and comply with all state and local electrical code requirements.
	 (2) 	 Individuals who will be operating the X-ray systems shall be adequately instructed in safe operating procedures and be competent in the safe use of the equipment. In addition:
	  1. 	 Operators in medical facilities shall meet the requirements of 641—Chapter 42 as applicable, and have a current permit to practice in diagnostic radiography. The individual’s permit to practice shall be posted in the immediate vicinity of the general work area and visible to the public.
	  2. 	 Operators in dental facilities shall meet the requirements of the Iowa dental examiners board.
	 (3) 	 A chart shall be provided in the vicinity of the diagnostic X-ray system’s control panel which specifies, for all examinations performed with that system, the following information:
	  1. 	 Patient’s body part and anatomical size, or body part thickness, or age (for pediatrics), versus technique factors to be utilized unless automatically set by the X-ray system;
	  2. 	 Type and size of the film or film-screen combination to be used;
	  3. 	 Type and focal distance of the grid to be used, if any;
	  4. 	 Source to image receptor distance to be used, except for dental intra-oral radiography; and
	  5. 	 Type and location of placement of human patient shielding to be used (e.g., gonad).
	 (4) 	 Written safety procedures shall be provided to each individual operating X-ray equipment, including patient holding and any restrictions of the operating technique required for the safe operation of the particular X-ray system. The operator shall be able to demonstrate familiarity with these procedures.
	 (5) 	 Except for patients who cannot be moved out of the room, only the staff and ancillary personnel required for the medical procedure or training shall be in the room during the radiographic exposure. Other than the patient being examined:
	  1. 	 All individuals shall be positioned such that no part of the body will be struck by the useful beam unless protected by 0.5 millimeter lead equivalent.
	  2. 	 The X-ray operator, other staff, ancillary personnel, and other persons required for the medical procedure shall be protected from the scattered primary radiation by protective aprons or whole body protective barriers of not less than 0.25 millimeter lead equivalent.
	  3. 	 Human patients who cannot be removed from the room shall be protected from the direct scatter radiation by whole body protective barriers of 0.25 millimeter lead equivalent or shall be so positioned that the nearest portion of the body is at least 2 meters from both the tube head and the nearest edge of the image receptor.
	 (6) 	 Gonad shielding of not less than 0.50 millimeter lead equivalent shall be used for human patients, who have not passed the reproductive age, during radiographic procedures in which the gonads are in the useful beam, except for cases in which this would interfere with the diagnostic procedure.
	 (7) 	 Individuals shall not be exposed to the useful beam unless (1) the radiation exposure occurs in the context of a previously established professional relationship between a licensed practitioner of the healing arts or a licensed registered nurse who is registered as an advanced registered nurse practitioner pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 152 and a patient, which includes a physical examination by the practitioner of the patient unless such examination is not clinically indicated; and (2) such practitioner issues a written order for the radiation exposure. The written order shall be issued prior to the exposure unless the exposure results from care provided in an emergency or surgery setting. A verbal order may be issued provided the licensed practitioner is supervising the procedure and the order is documented in the patient’s record after the procedure is completed. This provision specifically prohibits deliberate exposure for the following purposes:
	  1. 	 Exposure of an individual for training, demonstration, or other non-healing arts purposes; and
	  2. 	 Exposure of an individual for the purpose of healing arts screening except as authorized by 41.1(3)“a”(11).
	 (8) 	 When a patient or film must be provided with auxiliary support during a radiation exposure:
	  1. 	 Mechanical holding devices shall be used when the technique permits. The written safety procedures, required by 41.1(3)“a”(4), shall list individual projections where holding devices cannot be utilized;
	  2. 	 Written safety procedures, as required by 41.1(3)“a”(4), shall indicate the requirements for selecting a holder and the procedure the holder shall follow;
	  3. 	 The human holder shall be instructed in personal radiation safety and protected as required by 41.1(3)“a”(5)“2”;
	  4. 	 No individual shall be used routinely to hold film or patients; and
	  5. 	 In those cases where the human patient must hold the film, except during intraoral examinations, any portion of the body other than the area of clinical interest struck by the useful beam shall be protected by not less than 0.5 millimeter lead equivalent material.
	  6. 	 Each facility shall have leaded aprons and gloves available in sufficient numbers to provide protection to all personnel who are involved with X-ray operations and who are otherwise not shielded.
	 (9) 	 Procedures and auxiliary equipment designed to minimize patient and personnel exposure commensurate with the needed diagnostic information shall be utilized.
	  1. 	 The speed of film or screen and film combinations shall be the fastest speed consistent with the diagnostic objective of the examinations. Film cassettes without intensifying screens shall not be used for any routine diagnostic radiological imaging, with the exception of veterinary radiography and standard film packets for intra-oral use in dental radiography.
	  2. 	 The radiation exposure to the patient shall be the minimum exposure required to produce images of good diagnostic quality.
	  3. 	 Portable or mobile X-ray equipment shall be used only for examinations where it is impractical to transfer the patient(s) to a stationary X-ray installation.
	  4. 	 X-ray systems subject to 41.1(6) shall not be utilized in procedures where the source to human patient distance is less than 30 centimeters.
	  5. 	 If grids are used between the patient and the image receptor to decrease scatter to the film and improve contrast, the grid shall:
	  ● 	 Be positioned properly, i.e., tube side facing the correct direction, and the grid centered to the central ray;
	  ● 	 If the grid is of the focused type, be at the proper focal distance for the SIDs being used.
	 (10) 	 All individuals who are associated with the operation of an X-ray system are subject to the requirements of 641—subrule 40.36(3) and rules 641—40.15(136C) and 641—40.37(136C). In addition:
	  1. 	 When protective clothing or devices are worn on portions of the body and a personnel monitoring device(s) is present, it (they) shall be worn in accordance with the recommendations found in Chapter 4 of the National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No.	57.
	  2. 	 Exposure of a personnel monitoring device to deceptively indicate a dose delivered to an individual is prohibited.
	 (11) 	 Healing arts screening. Any person proposing to conduct a healing arts screening program shall not initiate such a program in the state of Iowa without prior written approval of the agency. When requesting such approval, that person shall submit the information outlined in Appendix C of this chapter. The agency shall not approve a healing arts screening program unless the applicant submits data supporting the efficacy of the screening test in diagnosing the disease or condition being screened. If any information submitted to the agency becomes invalid or outdated, the applicant shall notify the agency in writing within five calendar days.
	 (12) 	 Rescinded IAB 3/31/04, effective 5/5/04.
	  b.   	 Information and maintenance record and associated information. Records in 41.1(3)“b”(1) and (3) below shall be maintained until the X-ray system is removed from the facility. There shall be two cycles of records on file for items in 41.1(3)“b”(2) below. The registrant shall maintain the following information for each X-ray system for inspection by the agency:
	 (1) 	 User’s manual for the X-ray system;
	 (2) 	 Records of surveys, calibrations, maintenance, and modifications performed on the X-ray system(s) with the names of persons who performed such services;
	 (3) 	 A copy of all correspondence with this agency regarding that X-ray system.
	  c.   	 X-ray utilization log. Except for veterinary facilities, each facility shall maintain an X-ray log containing the patient’s name, the type of examinations, the dates the examinations were performed, the name of the individual performing the X-ray procedure, and the number of exposures and retakes involved. When the patient or film must be provided with human auxiliary support, the name of the human holder shall be recorded. These records shall be kept until the facility is inspected by this agency or until all films listed on the utilization log have been purged.
	  d.   	 Plan review.
	 (1) 	 Prior to construction of all new installations, or modifications of existing installations, or installation of equipment into existing facilities utilizing X-rays for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, the floor plans and equipment arrangements shall be submitted to the agency for review and verification that national standards have been met. The required information is denoted in Appendices A and B of this chapter.
	 (2) 	 The agency may require the applicant to utilize the services of a qualified expert to determine the shielding requirements prior to the plan review and approval.
	 (3) 	 The approval of such plans shall not preclude the requirement of additional modifications should a subsequent analysis of operating conditions indicate the possibility of an individual receiving a dose in excess of the limits prescribed in 641—Chapter 40.
	  e.   	 Federal performance standards. All X-ray equipment shall comply with the applicable performance standards of 21 CFR 1020.30 to 1020.40 which were in effect at the time the unit was manufactured. All equipment manufactured before the effective date of 21 CFR 1020.30 to 1020.40 shall meet the requirements of the Iowa rules. Persons registered to possess the affected radiation-emitting equipment in Iowa shall be responsible for maintaining the equipment in compliance with the appropriate federal performance standards.
	  f.   	 X-ray film processing facilities and practices (except for mammography). Each installation using a radiographic X-ray system and using analog image receptors (e.g., radiographic film) shall have available suitable equipment for handling and processing radiographic film in accordance with the following provisions:
	 (1) 	 Manually developed film.
	  1. 	 Processing tanks shall be constructed of mechanically rigid, corrosion-resistant material; and
	  2. 	 Film shall be processed in accordance with the time-temperature relationships recommended by the film developer manufacturer. The specified developer temperature and immersion time shall be posted in the darkroom. Deviations from the manufacturer’s recommendations shall be in writing and on file at the facility. Documentation shall include justification for the deviation.
	  3. 	 Devices shall be utilized which will indicate the actual temperature of the developer and signal the passage of a preset time appropriate to the developing time required.
	 (2) 	 Automatic processors and other closed processing systems.
	  1. 	 Film shall be processed in accordance with the time-temperature relationships recommended by the film developer manufacturer.
	  2. 	 Processing deviations from the requirements of 41.1(3)“f” shall be documented by the registrant in such manner that the requirements are shown to be met or exceeded (e.g., extended processing and special rapid chemistry).
	  3. 	 All processing equipment shall be in good mechanical working order.
	 (3) 	 Other requirements.
	  1. 	 Pass boxes, if provided, shall be so constructed as to exclude light from the darkroom when cassettes are placed in or removed from the boxes, and shall incorporate adequate shielding from stray radiation to prevent exposure of undeveloped film.
	  2. 	 The darkroom shall be light tight and use proper safelighting such that any film type in use exposed in a cassette to X-radiation sufficient to produce an optical density from 1 to 2 when processed shall not suffer an increase in density greater than 0.1 when exposed out of the cassette in the darkroom for 2 minutes with all safelights on. If used, daylight film handling boxes shall preclude fogging of the film.
	  3. 	 Darkrooms typically used by more than one individual shall be provided a method to prevent accidental entry while undeveloped films are being handled or processed.
	  4. 	 Film shall be stored in a cool, dry place and shall be protected from exposure to stray radiation. Film in open packages shall be stored in a light tight container.
	  5. 	 Film cassettes and intensifying screens shall be inspected periodically and shall be cleaned and replaced as necessary to best ensure radiographs of good diagnostic quality.
	  6. 	 Outdated X-ray film shall not be used for diagnostic radiographs, unless the film has been stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and a sample of the film passes a sensitometric test for normal ranges of base plus fog and speed.
	  7. 	 Film developing solutions shall be prepared in accordance with the directions given by the manufacturer and shall be maintained in strength by replenishment or renewal so that full development is accomplished within the time specified by the manufacturer.
	 (4) 	 Records shall be maintained to verify that the items in 41.1(3)“f” are performed according to the requirements. Records may be discarded only after an agency inspection has been completed and the facility determined to be in compliance.
	  g.   	 Retention of films. Record retention of films shall be seven years for patients 18 years of age or older and seven years plus the difference between the patient’s age and 18 for minors.
	 (1) 	 If the facility is currently utilizing hard-copy film to store images, it may continue to use this method throughout the retention period.
	 (2) 	 If the facility is currently utilizing computer media and also storing images in a hard-copy format, it may continue to use this method of retention throughout the retention period. If the images are also on computer media, the data should be backed up, or refreshed, at appropriate intervals as defined by the facility.
	 (3) 	 If the facility is solely utilizing computer media to store study information for which a report is generated, the recording media is to be stored in conditions that will ensure that deterioration will not occur for the period required by this policy. The facility must maintain either retrieval or access or both to the stored images.
	 (4) 	 If a patient’s medical images are identified as being involved in a legal case, the records should immediately be coded appropriately, and maintained for the required time frame defined in this paragraph. At the time the records have reached the end of the appropriate time frame for retention, the previously identified responsible individuals involved in the legal action should be contacted for further instruction.
	 (5) 	 If records are temporarily transferred to any party, appropriate information relating to location, date of release, and individual having custody of the records should be maintained.
	 (6) 	 A facility that is ceasing operations must either transfer its film records to another facility or provide the film records to its patients. A certified letter as to the location, or disposition, of the film records must be sent to notify the patients of the transferal.
	 41.1(4) General requirements for all diagnostic X-ray systems. In addition to other requirements of this chapter, all diagnostic X-ray systems shall meet the following requirements:
	  a.   	 Warning label. The control panel containing the main power switch shall bear the warning statement, legible and accessible to view: “WARNING: This X-ray unit may be dangerous to patient and operator unless safe exposure factors and operating instructions are observed.”
	  b.   	 Battery charge indicator. On battery-powered X-ray generators, visual means shall be provided on the control panel to indicate whether the battery is in a state of charge adequate for proper operation.
	  c.   	 Leakage radiation from the diagnostic source assembly. The leakage radiation from the diagnostic source assembly measured at a distance of 1 meter in any direction from the source shall not exceed 100 milliroentgens (25.8 µC/kg) in one hour when the X-ray tube is operated at its leakage technique factors. Compliance shall be determined by measurements averaged over an area of 100 square centimeters with no linear dimension greater than 20 centimeters.
	  d.   	 Radiation from components other than the diagnostic source assembly. The radiation emitted by a component other than the diagnostic source assembly shall not exceed 2 milliroentgens (0.516 µC/kg) in one hour at 5 centimeters from any accessible surface of the component when it is operated in an assembled X-ray system under any conditions for which it was designed. Compliance shall be determined by measurements averaged over an area of 100 square centimeters with no linear dimension greater than 20 centimeters.
	  e.   	 Beam quality.
	 (1) 	 Half-value layer.
	  1. 	 The half-value layer of the useful beam for a given X-ray tube potential shall not be less than the values shown in Table I. If it is necessary to determine such half-value layer at an X-ray tube potential which is not listed in Table I, linear interpolation or extrapolation may be made.
Table I

Design operating
range (kVp)	Measured
potential
(kVp)	 	Half-value layer (mm
of aluminum)	
 	 	 	 	
Below 50 		30	 	0.3	
 	40	 	0.4	
 	49	 	0.5	
 	 	 	 	
50 to 70 		50	 	1.2	
 	60	 	1.3	
 	70	 	1.5	
 	 	 	 	
Above 70 		71	 	2.1	
 	80	 	2.3	
 	90	 	2.5	
 	100	 	2.7	
 	110	 	3.0	
 	120	 	3.2	
 	130	 	3.5	
 	140	 	3.8	
 	150	 	4.1	
2. and 3. Rescinded IAB 4/8/98, effective 7/1/98.
	  4. 	 For capacitor energy storage equipment, compliance with the requirements of 41.1(4)“e” shall be determined with the system fully charged and a setting of 10 mAs for each exposure.
	  5. 	 The required minimal half-value layer of the useful beam shall include the filtration contributed by all materials which are permanently between the source and the patient.
	 (2) 	 Filtration controls. For X-ray systems which have variable kVp and variable filtration for the useful beam, a device shall link the kVp selector with the filter(s) and shall prevent an exposure unless the minimum amount of filtration required by 41.1(4)“e”(1)“1” is in the useful beam for the given kVp which has been selected.
	  f.   	 Multiple tubes. Where two or more radiographic tubes are controlled by one exposure switch, the tube or tubes which have been selected shall be clearly indicated prior to initiation of the exposure. This indication shall be both on the X-ray control panel and at or near the tube housing assembly which has been selected.
	  g.   	 Mechanical support of tube head. The tube housing assembly supports shall be adjusted such that the tube housing assembly will remain stable during an exposure unless tube housing movement is a designed function of the X-ray system.
	  h.   	 Technique indicators.
	 (1) 	 The technique factors to be used during an exposure shall be indicated before the exposure begins. If automatic exposure controls are used, the technique factors which are set prior to the exposure shall be indicated.
	 (2) 	 The requirement of 41.1(4)“h”(1) may be met by permanent markings on equipment having fixed technique factors. Indication of technique factors shall be visible from the operator’s position except in the case of spot films made by the fluoroscopist.
	 (3) 	 The technique indicators shall be accurate to within manufacturer’s standards.
	  i.   	 Rescinded IAB 3/30/05, effective 5/4/05.
	 41.1(5) Fluoroscopic X-ray systems except for computed tomography X-ray systems. All fluoroscopic X-ray systems shall be image intensified and meet the following requirements:
	  a.   	 Limitation of useful beam.
	 (1) 	 Primary barrier.
	  1. 	 The fluoroscopic imaging assembly shall be provided with a primary protective barrier which intercepts the entire cross section of the useful beam at any SID.
	  2. 	 The X-ray tube used for fluoroscopy shall not produce X-rays unless the barrier is in position to intercept the entire useful beam.
	 (2) 	 Fluoroscopic beam limitation.
	  1. 	 For certified fluoroscopic systems with or without a spot film device, neither the length nor the width of the X-ray field in the plane of the image receptor shall exceed that of the visible area of the image receptor by more than 3 percent of the SID. The sum of the excess length and the excess width shall be no greater than 4 percent of the SID.
	  2. 	 For uncertified fluoroscopic systems with a spot film device, the X-ray beam with the shutter fully opened (during fluoroscopy or spot filming) shall be no larger than the largest spot film size for which the device is designed. Measurements shall be made at the maximum SID available but at no less than 20 centimeters from the tabletop to the film plane distance.
	  3. 	 For uncertified fluoroscopic systems without a spot film device, the requirements of 41.1(5)“a”(2)“1” apply.
	  4. 	 Other requirements for fluoroscopic beam limitation:
	  ● 	 Means shall be provided to permit further limitation of the field. Beam-limiting devices manufactured after May 22, 1979, and incorporated in equipment with a variable SID or a visible area of greater than 300 square centimeters shall be provided with means for stepless adjustment of the X-ray field;
	  ● 	 All equipment with a fixed SID and a visible area of 300 square centimeters or less shall be provided either with stepless adjustment of the X-ray field or with means to further limit the X-ray field size at the plane of the image receptor to 125 square centimeters or less;
	  ● 	 If provided, stepless adjustment shall, at the greatest SID, provide continuous field sizes from the maximum attainable to a field size of 5 centimeters by 5 centimeters or less;
	  ● 	 For equipment manufactured after February 25, 1978, when the angle between the image receptor and beam axis is variable, means shall be provided to indicate when the axis of the X-ray beam is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor;
	  ● 	 For noncircular X-ray fields used with circular image receptors, the error in alignment shall be determined along the length and width dimensions of the X-ray field which pass through the center of the visible area of the image receptor.
	 (3) 	 Spot-film beam limitation. Spot-film devices shall meet the following requirements:
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided between the source and the patient for adjustment of the X-ray field size in the plane of the film to the size of that portion of the film which has been selected on the spot-film selector. Such adjustment shall be automatically accomplished except when the X-ray field size in the plane of the film is smaller than that of the selected portion of the film. For spot-film devices manufactured after June 21, 1979, if the X-ray field size is less than the size of the selected portion of the film, the means for adjustment of the field size shall be only at the operator’s option;
	  2. 	 Neither the length nor the width of the X-ray field in the plane of the image receptor shall differ from the corresponding dimensions of the selected portion of the image receptor by more than 3 percent of the SID when adjusted for full coverage of the selected portion of the image receptor. The sum, without regard to sign, of the length and width differences shall not exceed 4 percent of the SID;
	  3. 	 It shall be possible to adjust the X-ray field size in the plane of the film to a size smaller than the selected portion of the film. The minimum field size at the greatest SID shall be equal to, or less than, 5 centimeters by 5 centimeters;
	  4. 	 The center of the X-ray field in the plane of the film shall be aligned with the center of the selected portion of the film to within 2 percent of the SID; and
	  5. 	 On spot-film devices manufactured after February 25, 1978, if the angle between the plane of the image receptor and beam axis is variable, means shall be provided to indicate when the axis of the X-ray beam is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor, and compliance shall be determined with the beam axis indicated to be perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor.
	 (4) 	 Override. If a means exists to override any of the automatic X-ray field size adjustments required in 41.1(5)“a”(2) and 41.1(5)“a”(3), that means:
	  1. 	 Shall be designed for use only in the event of system failure;
	  2. 	 Shall incorporate a signal visible at the fluoroscopist’s position which will indicate whenever the automatic field size adjustment is overridden; and
	  3. 	 Shall have a clear and durable label as follows:
FOR X-RAY FIELD
LIMITATION SYSTEM FAILURE
	  b.   	 Activation of the fluoroscopic tube. X-ray production in the fluoroscopic mode shall be controlled by a device which requires continuous pressure by the fluoroscopist for the entire time of any exposure. When recording serial fluoroscopic images, the fluoroscopist shall be able to terminate the X-ray exposure(s) at any time, but means may be provided to permit completion of any single exposure of the series in process.
	  c.   	 Exposure rate limits.
	 (1) 	 Entrance exposure rate allowable limits.
	  1. 	 Fluoroscopic equipment which is provided with automatic exposure rate control shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which will result in an exposure rate in excess of 2.6 mC/kg (10 roentgens) per minute at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient, except
	  ● 	 During recording of fluoroscopic images; or
	  ● 	 When an optional high level control is provided. When so provided, the equipment shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which will result in an exposure rate in excess of 5 roentgens (1.3 mC/kg) per minute at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient unless the high level control is activated. Special means of activation of high level controls shall be required. The high level control shall only be operable when continuous manual activation is provided by the operator. A continuous signal audible to the fluoroscopist shall indicate that the high level control is being employed.
	  2. 	 Fluoroscopic equipment which is not provided with automatic exposure rate control shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which will result in an exposure rate in excess of 5 roentgens (1.3 mC/kg) per minute at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient, except:
	  ● 	 During recording of fluoroscopic images; or
	  ● 	 When the mode or modes have an optional high level control, in which case the mode or modes shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which shall result in an exposure rate in excess of 5 roentgens (1.3 mC/kg) per minute at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient, unless the high level control is activated. Special means of activation of high level controls shall be required. The high level control shall only be operable when continuous manual activation is provided by the operator. A continuous signal audible to the fluoroscopist shall indicate that the high level control is being employed.
	  3. 	 Compliance with the requirements of 41.1(5)“c” shall be determined as follows:
	  ● 	 If the source is below the table, exposure rate shall be measured 1 centimeter above the tabletop or cradle;
	  ● 	 If the source is above the table, the exposure rate shall be measured at 30 centimeters above the tabletop with the end of the beam-limiting device or spacer positioned as closely as possible to the point of measurement;
	  ● 	 All C-arm fluoroscopes, both stationary and mobile, shall meet the entrance exposure rate limits at 30 centimeters from the input surface of the fluoroscopic imaging assembly with the source positioned at any available SID provided that the end of the spacer assembly or beam-limiting device is not closer than 30 centimeters from the input surface of the fluoroscopic imaging assembly.
	  ● 	 For a lateral type fluoroscope, the exposure rate shall be measured at a point 15 centimeters from the centerline of the X-ray table and in the direction of the X-ray source with the end of the beam-limiting device or spacer positioned as closely as possible to the point of measurement. If the tabletop is movable, it shall be positioned as closely as possible to the lateral X-ray source, with the end of the beam-limiting device or spacer no closer than 15 centimeters to the centerline of the X-ray table.
	  4. 	 Fluoroscopic equipment which is provided with both automatic exposure rate control mode and a manual mode shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which shall result in an exposure rate in excess of 10 roentgens (2.6 mC/kg) per minute in either mode at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient, except:
	  ● 	 During recording of fluoroscopic images; or
	  ● 	 When the mode or modes have an optional high level control, in which case the mode or modes shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current which shall result in an exposure rate in excess of 5 roentgens (1.3 mC/kg) per minute at the point where the center of the useful beam enters the patient, unless the high level control is activated. Special means of activitation of high level controls shall be required. The high level control shall only be operable when continuous manual activitation is provided by the operator. A continuous signal audible to the fluroscopist shall indicate that the high level control is being employed.
	  5. 	 Any fluoroscopic equipment manufactured after May 19, 1995, which can exceed 5 roentgens (1.3 mC/kg) per minute shall be equipped with an automatic exposure rate control. All entrance exposure rate limits shall be 10 roentgens (2.6 mC/kg) per minute with an upper limit of 20 roentgens (5.2 mC/kg) per minute when the high level control is activated.
	  6. 	 Conditions of periodic measurement of maximum entrance exposure rate are as follows:
	  ● 	 The measurement shall be made under the conditions that satisfy the requirements of 41.1(5)“c”(1)“3”;
	  ● 	 The kVp, mA, or other selectable parameters shall be adjusted to those settings which give the maximum entrance exposure rate;
	  ● 	 The X-ray system(s) that incorporates automatic exposure rate control shall have sufficient attenuative material placed in the useful beam to produce either a milliamperage or kilovoltage or both to satisfy the conditions of 41.1(5)“c”(1)“3.”
	 (2) 	 Reserved.
	  d.   	 Barrier transmitted radiation rate limits.
	 (1) 	 The exposure rate due to transmission through the primary protective barrier with the attenuation block in the useful beam, combined with radiation from the image intensifier, if provided, shall not exceed 2 milliroentgens (0.516 µC/kg) per hour at 10 centimeters from any accessible surface of the fluoroscopic imaging assembly beyond the plane of the image receptor for each roentgen per minute of entrance exposure rate.
	 (2) 	 Measuring compliance of barrier transmission.
	  1. 	 The exposure rate due to transmission through the primary protective barrier combined with radiation from the image intensifier shall be determined by measurements averaged over an area of 100 square centimeters with no linear dimension greater than 20 centimeters.
	  2. 	 If the source is below the tabletop, the measurement shall be made with the input surface of the fluoroscopic imaging assembly positioned 30 centimeters above the tabletop.
	  3. 	 If the source is above the tabletop and the SID is variable, the measurement shall be made with the end of the beam-limiting device or spacer as close to the tabletop as it can be placed, provided that it shall not be closer than 30 centimeters.
	  4. 	 Movable grids and compression devices shall be removed from the useful beam during the measurement.
	  e.   	 Indication of potential and current. During fluoroscopy and cinefluorography the kV and the mA shall be continuously indicated.
	  f.   	 Source-to-skin distance. The SSD shall not be less than:
	 (1) 	 38 centimeters on stationary fluoroscopes installed on or after August 1, 1974,
	 (2) 	 35.5 centimeters on stationary fluoroscopes which were in operation prior to August 1, 1974,
	 (3) 	 30 centimeters on all mobile fluoroscopes, and
	 (4) 	 20 centimeters for mobile fluoroscopes used for specific surgical application.
	 (5) 	 The written safety procedures must provide precautionary measures to be adhered to during the use of this device in addition to the procedures provided in 41.1(3)“a”(4).
	  g.   	 Fluoroscopic timer.
	 (1) 	 Means shall be provided to preset the cumulative on-time of the fluoroscopic X-ray tube. The maximum cumulative time of the timing device shall not exceed five minutes without resetting.
	 (2) 	 A signal audible to the fluoroscopist shall indicate the completion of any preset cumulative on-time. Such signal shall continue to sound while X-rays are produced until the timing device is reset.
	  h.   	 Control of scattered radiation.
	 (1) 	 Fluoroscopic table designs when combined with procedures utilized shall be such that no unprotected part of any staff or ancillary individual’s body shall be exposed to unattenuated scattered radiation which originates from under the table. The attenuation required shall be not less than 0.25 millimeter lead equivalent.
	 (2) 	 Equipment configuration when combined with procedures shall be such that no portion of any staff or ancillary individual’s body, except the extremities, shall be exposed to the unattenuated scattered radiation emanating from above the tabletop unless that individual:
	  1. 	 Is at least 120 centimeters from the center of the useful beam, or
	  2. 	 The radiation has passed through not less than 0.25 millimeter lead equivalent material including, but not limited to, drapes, Bucky-slot cover panel, or self-supporting curtains, in addition to any lead equivalency provided by the protective apron referred to in 41.1(3)“a”(5).
	 (3) 	 The agency may grant exemptions to 41.1(5)“h”(2) where a sterile field will not permit the use of the normal protective barriers. Where the use of prefitted sterilized covers for the barriers is practical, the agency shall not permit such exemption.
	  i.   	 Spot-film exposure reproducibility. Fluoroscopic systems equipped with spot-film (radiographic) mode shall meet the exposure reproducibility requirements of 41.1(6)“d” when operating in the spot-film mode.
	  j.   	 Radiation therapy simulation systems. Radiation therapy simulation systems shall be exempt from all the requirements of 41.1(5)“a,” “c,” “d,” and “g” provided that:
	 (1) 	 Such systems are designed and used in such a manner that no individual other than the patient is in the X-ray room during periods of time when the system is producing X-rays; and
	 (2) 	 Systems which do not meet the requirements of 41.1(5)“g” are provided with a means of indicating the cumulative time that an individual patient has been exposed to X-rays. Procedures shall require in such cases that the timer be reset between examinations.
	  k.   	 Dose-area-product monitor requirements.
	 (1) 	 All fluoroscopic equipment installed after July 1, 2002, and used for special procedures (e.g., pacemaker implantation, diagnostic cardiac procedures (catheterization), and therapeutic cardiac procedures (angioplasty-balloon; stent; directional coronary atherectomy; rotational atherectomy; laser atherectomy; radio frequency ablation; and intravascular brachytherapy)) shall be equipped with a dose-area-product monitor capable of recording the total radiation dose received by a patient when the fluoroscopic tube is used. Equipment used and installed prior to July 1, 2002, shall be retrofitted with the radiation exposure device by January 1, 2004.
	 (2) 	 Each facility using fluoroscopic equipment for special procedures shall include in the patient’s chart and in a log for agency review the patient radiation exposure received per procedure. Adult doses that exceed 300 rad and doses for children (under the age of 18) that exceed 100 rad must be reviewed by the facility’s radiation safety committee. The review must document the reason why a dose exceeded 300 rad for adults or 100 rad for children, and the reason must be documented in the committee’s minutes. If a facility does not have a radiation safety committee, the facility must provide the agency, within 30 days of the event, documentation stating why the patient’s dose exceeded 300 rad for adults or 100 rad for children. Also, if the patient doses noted above are exceeded, the patient’s physician must do a follow-up examination of the patient to determine if there is any evidence of dose recorded reaction and to ensure that proper treatment is rendered.
	 (3) 	 All fluoroscopic radiation detection devices in this subrule shall be calibrated annually or after repair or replacement.
	  l.   	 Equipment operation.
	 (1) 	 All imaging formed by the use of fluoroscopic X-ray systems shall be directly viewed and interpreted by a licensed practitioner of the healing arts.
	 (2) 	 Overhead fluoroscopy shall not be used as a positioning tool for general purpose radiographic examinations.
	 (3) 	 Facilities that use fluoroscopic X-ray systems shall maintain a record of cumulative fluoroscopic exposure time used and the number of spot films for each examination. This record shall indicate patient identification, type of examination, date of examination, and operator’s name.
	  m.   	 Additional requirements for stationary fluoroscopic systems used for cardiac catheterization procedures.
	 (1) 	 Protective barriers shall be available for use by individuals whose presence is required in the room during activation of the X-ray tube(s). If a protective barrier includes or consists of a transparent viewing panel, the viewing panel shall afford protection of not less than 0.5 millimeter of lead equivalent.
	 (2) 	 Protective aprons of not less than 0.25 millimeter of lead equivalent shall be worn in the fluoroscopy room by all individuals (except the patient). Any individual required to be in the room for short periods of time may not be required to wear a protective apron if exposure levels below minimum as seen on film badge reports can be verified. Individuals not using protective aprons should follow ALARA by using time and distance to reduce exposure. Any declared pregnant individual must meet the requirements of 641—40.22(136C).
	  n.   	 Supervision of fluoroscopy. The use of fluoroscopy by radiologic technologists and radiologic students shall be performed under the direct supervision of a licensed practitioner or an advanced registered nurse practitioner (ARNP), pursuant to 655—subrule 7.2(2), for the purpose of localization to obtain images for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The use of fluoroscopy by radiologist assistants shall be as defined in 641—42.6(136C).
	 41.1(6) Radiographic systems other than fluoroscopic, dental intraoral, veterinary, or computed tomography X-ray systems.
	  a.   	 Beam limitation. The useful beam shall be limited to the area of clinical interest. This shall be considered met if a positive beam-limiting device meeting manufacturer’s specifications and the requirements of 41.1(6)“h”(2) have been properly used or if evidence of collimation is shown on at least three sides or three corners of the film (for example, projections from the shutters of the collimator, cone cutting at the corners, or borders at the film’s edge.)
	 (1) 	 General purpose stationary and mobile X-ray systems and veterinarian systems (other than portable) installed after July 1, 1998.
	  1. 	 Only X-ray systems provided with means for independent stepless adjustment of at least two dimensions of the X-ray field shall be used.
	  2. 	 A method shall be provided for visually defining the perimeter of the X-ray field.
	  ● 	 Illuminance shall be greater than 7.5 foot-candles or 80.3 LUX at 100 centimeters or maximum SID whichever is less.
	  ● 	 The total misalignment of the edges of the visually defined field with the respective edges of the X-ray field along either the length or width of the visually defined field shall not exceed 2 percent of the distance from the source to the center of the visually defined field when the surface upon which it appears is perpendicular to the axis of the X-ray beam.
3. The agency may grant an exemption on noncertified X-ray systems to 41.1(6)“a”(1)“1” and “2” provided the registrant makes a written application for such exemption and in that application demonstrates it is impractical to comply with 41.1(6)“a”(1)“1” and “2”; and the purpose of 41.1(6)“a”(1)“1” and “2” will be met by other methods.
	 (2) 	 Additional requirements for stationary general purpose X-ray systems. In addition to the requirements of 41.1(6)“a”(1), stationary general purpose X-ray systems, both certified and noncertified, shall meet the following requirements:
	  1. 	 A method shall be provided to indicate when the axis of the X-ray beam is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor, to align the center of the X-ray field with respect to the center of the image receptor to within 2 percent of the SID, and to indicate the SID to within 2 percent;
	  2. 	 The beam-limiting device shall indicate numerically the field size in the plane of the image receptor to which it is adjusted; and
	  3. 	 Indication of field size dimensions and SIDs shall be specified in inches or centimeters, and shall be such that aperture adjustments result in X-ray field dimensions in the plane of the image receptor which correspond to those indicated by the beam-limiting device to within 2 percent of the SID when the beam axis is indicated to be perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor.
	 (3) 	 X-ray systems designed for one image receptor size. Radiographic equipment designed for only one image receptor size at a fixed SID shall be provided with means to limit the field at the plane of the image receptor to dimensions no greater than those of the image receptor, and to align the center of the X-ray field with the center of the image receptor to within 2 percent of the SID, or shall be provided with means to both size and align the X-ray field such that the X-ray field at the plane of the image receptor does not extend beyond any edge of the image receptor.
	 (4) 	 Systems designed for or provided with special attachments for mammography. Rescinded IAB 4/8/98, effective 7/1/98.
	 (5) 	 X-ray systems other than those described in 41.1(6)“a”(1), (2), and (3), and veterinary systems installed prior to July 1, 1998, and all portable veterinary X-ray systems.
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided to limit the X-ray field in the plane of the image receptor so that such field does not exceed each dimension of the image receptor by more than 2 percent of the SID when the axis of the X-ray beam is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor.
	  2. 	 Means shall be provided to align the center of the X-ray field with the center of the image receptor to within 2 percent of the SID, or means shall be provided to both size and align the X-ray field such that the X-ray field at the plane of the image receptor does not extend beyond any edge of the image receptor. Compliance shall be determined with the axis of the X-ray beam perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor.
	  3. 	 41.1(6)“a”(5)“1” and “2” may be met with a system that meets the requirements for a general purpose X-ray system as specified in 41.1(6)“a”(1) or, when alignment means are also provided, may be met with either:
	  ● 	 An assortment of removable, fixed-aperture, beam-limiting devices sufficient to meet the requirement for each combination of image receptor size and SID for which the unit is designed with each such device having clear and permanent markings to indicate the image receptor size and SID for which it is designed; or
	  ● 	 A beam-limiting device having multiple fixed apertures sufficient to meet the requirement for each combination of image receptor size and SID for which the unit is designed. Permanent, clearly legible markings shall indicate the image receptor size and SID for which each aperture is designed and shall indicate which aperture is in position for use.
	  b.   	 Radiation exposure control devices.
	 (1) 	 Timers.
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided to initiate the radiation exposure by a deliberate action on the part of the operator, such as the depression of a switch. Radiation exposure shall not be initiated without such an action.
	  2. 	 Means shall be provided to terminate the exposure at a preset time interval, preset product of current and time, a preset number of pulses, or a preset radiation exposure to the image receptor. In addition, it shall not be possible to make an exposure when the timer is set to a “zero” or “off” position if either position is provided. Except for dental panoramic systems, termination of an exposure shall cause automatic resetting of the timer to its initial setting or to “zero.”
	 (2) 	 X-ray control.
	  1. 	 Manual exposure control. An X-ray control shall be incorporated into each X-ray system such that an exposure can be terminated by the operator at any time except for exposure of one-half second or less, or during serial radiography when means shall be provided to permit completion of any single exposure of the series in process.
	  2. 	 Each X-ray control shall be located in such a way as to meet the following requirements: Stationary X-ray systems (except podiatry and veterinary units) shall be required to have the X-ray exposure switch permanently mounted in a protected area so that the operator is required to remain in that protected area during the entire exposure and so that the operator can view the patient while making any exposures; and mobile and portable X-ray systems which are:
	  ● 	 Used for greater than one week in the same location, i.e., a room or suite, shall meet the requirements of 41.1(6)“b”(2)“2”; or
	  ● 	 Used for greater than one hour and less than one week at the same location, i.e., a room or suite, or in a clinical setting for routine extremities only, or where moving the X-ray system from room to room is impractical, shall meet the requirement of the above paragraph or be provided with a 6.5 foot (1.98 m) high protective barrier which is placed at least 2.7 meters (9 feet) from the tube housing assembly. Written procedures must instruct the operator to remain in the protected area during the entire exposure.
Stationary podiatric systems which do not meet the above requirements shall be provided with a 9-foot exposure button cord which allows the operator to remain behind a protective barrier during the entire exposure. If the protective barrier is moveable, written procedures must be on file at the facility, which dictate that the operator will remain behind the barrier during the entire exposure.
	  3. 	 The X-ray control shall provide visual indication observable at or from the operator’s protected position whenever X-rays are produced. In addition, a signal audible to the operator shall indicate that the exposure has terminated.
	 (3) 	 Automatic exposure controls. When an automatic exposure control is provided:
	  1. 	 Indication shall be made on the control panel when this mode of operation is selected;
	  2. 	 If the X-ray tube potential is equal to or greater than 50 kVp, the minimum exposure time for field emission equipment rated for pulsed operation shall be equal to or less than a time interval equivalent to 2 pulses;
	  3. 	 The minimum exposure time for all equipment other than that specified in 41.1(6)“b”(3)“2” shall be equal to or less than one-sixtieth second or a time interval required to deliver 5 mAs, whichever is greater;
	  4. 	 Either the product of peak X-ray tube potential, current, and exposure time shall be limited to not more than 60 kWs per exposure, or the product of X-ray tube current and exposure time shall be limited to not more than 600 mAs per exposure except that, when the X-ray tube potential is less than 50 kVp, the product of X-ray tube current and exposure time shall be limited to not more than 2000 mAs per exposure; and
	  5. 	 A visible signal shall indicate when an exposure has been terminated at the limits required by 41.1(6)“b”(3)“4,” and manual resetting shall be required before further automatically timed exposures can be made.
	 (4) 	 Reproducibility. With a timer setting of 0.5 seconds or less, the average exposure period (T) shall be greater than or equal to five times the maximum exposure period (Tmax) minus the minimum exposure period (Tmin) when four timer tests are performed:
T≥ 5 (Tmax – Tmin)
	 (5) 	 Exposure duration (timer) linearity. For systems having independent selection of exposure time settings, the average ratios (X1) of exposure to the indicated timer setting, in units of C kg-1s-1 (mR/s), obtained at any two clinically used timer settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum. This is written as:
(X1 - X2) ≤ 0.1 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average C kg-1s-1 (mR/s) values.
	  c.   	 Source-to-skin distance. All mobile or portable radiographic systems shall be provided with means to limit the source-to-skin distance to equal to or greater than 30 centimeters except for veterinary systems.
	  d.   	 Exposure reproducibility. When all technique factors are held constant, including control panel selections associated with automatic exposure control systems, the coefficient of variation of exposure for both manual and automatic exposure control systems shall not exceed 0.05. This requirement applies to clinically used techniques.
	  e.   	 Radiation from capacitor energy storage equipment in standby status. Radiation emitted from the X-ray tube when the system is fully charged and the exposure switch or timer is not activated shall not exceed a rate of 2 milliroentgens (0.516 µC/kg) per hour at 5 centimeters from any accessible surface of the diagnostic source assembly, with the beam-limiting device fully open.
	  f.   	 Accuracy. Deviation of measured technique factors from indicated values of kVp and exposure time shall not exceed the limits specified for that system by its manufacturer. In the absence of manufacturer’s specifications, the deviation shall not exceed 10 percent of the indicated value for kVp and 20 percent for time.
	  g.   	 mA/mAs linearity. The following requirements apply when the equipment is operated on a power supply as specified by the manufacturer for any fixed X-ray tube potential within the range of 40 percent to 100 percent of the maximum rated:
	 (1) 	 Equipment having independent selection of X-ray tube current (mA). The average ratios (Xi) of exposure to the indicated milliampere-seconds product (C kg-1mAs-1 (or mR/mAs)) obtained at any two consecutive tube current settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum:
X1 - X2 ≤ 0.10 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average values obtained at each of two consecutive tube current settings, or at two settings differing by no more than a factor of 2 where the tube current selection is continuous.
	 (2) 	 Equipment having a combined X-ray tube current-exposure time product (mAs) selector, but not a separate tube current (mA) selector. The average ratios (Xi) of exposure to the indicated milliampere-seconds product, in units of mR/mAs (or C kg-1mAs-1), obtained at any two consecutive mAs selector settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum:
X1 - X2 ≤ 0.10 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average values obtained at any two consecutive mAs selector settings, or at two settings differing by no more than a factor of 2 where the mAs selector provides continuous selection.
	 (3) 	 Measuring compliance. Determination of compliance shall be based on 10 exposures taken within a time period of one hour, at each of the two settings. These two settings may include any two focal spot sizes except where one is equal to or less than 0.45 millimeters and the other is greater than 0.45 millimeters. For purposes of this requirement, focal spot size is the nominal focal spot size specified by the X-ray tube manufacturer.
	  h.   	 Additional requirements applicable to certified systems only. Diagnostic X-ray systems incorporating one or more certified component(s) shall be required to comply with the following additional requirement(s) which relate to that certified component(s).
	 (1) 	 Beam limitation for stationary and mobile general purpose X-ray systems.
	  1. 	 There shall be provided a means of stepless adjustment of the X-ray field. The minimum field size at an SID of 100 centimeters shall be equal to or less than 5 centimeters by 5 centimeters.
	  2. 	 When a light localizer is used to define the X-ray field, it shall provide an average illumination of not less than 160 lux or 15 foot-candles at 100 centimeters or at the maximum SID, whichever is less. The average illumination shall be based upon measurements made in the approximate center of each quadrant of the light field. Radiation therapy simulation systems manufactured on and after May 27, 1980, are exempt from this requirement.
	  3. 	 The edge of the light field at 100 centimeters or at the maximum SID, whichever is less, shall have a contrast ratio, corrected for ambient lighting, of not less than 4 in the case of beam-limiting devices designed for use on stationary equipment, and a contrast ratio of not less than 3 in the case of beam-limiting devices designed for use on mobile equipment. The contrast ratio is defined as I1 /I2 where I1 is the illumination 3 millimeters from the edge of the light field toward the center of the field; and I2 is the illumination 3 millimeters from the edge of the light field away from the center of the field. Compliance shall be determined with a measuring instrument aperture of 1 millimeter in diameter.
	 (2) 	 Beam limitation and alignment on stationary general purpose X-ray systems equipped with PBL. If PBL is being used, the following requirements shall be met:
	  1. 	 PBL shall prevent the production of X-rays when
	  ● 	 Either the length or width of the X-ray field in the plane of the image receptor differs, except as permitted by 41.1(6)“h”(3), from the corresponding image receptor dimensions by more than 3 percent of the SID; or
	  ● 	 The sum of the length and width differences as stated in 41.1(6)“h”(2)“1” above without regard to sign exceeds 4 percent of the SID;
	  2. 	 Compliance with 41.1(6)“h”(2)“1” shall be determined when the equipment indicates that the beam axis is perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor. Compliance shall be determined no sooner than 5 seconds after insertion of the image receptor;
	  3. 	 The PBL system shall be capable of operation, at the discretion of the operator, such that the size of the field may be made smaller than the size of the image receptor through stepless adjustment of the field size. The minimum field size at an SID of 100 centimeters shall be equal to or less than 5 centimeters by 5 centimeters;
	  4. 	 The PBL system shall be designed such that if a change in image receptor does not cause an automatic return to PBL function as described in 41.1(6)“h”(2)“1,” then any change of image receptor size or SID must cause the automatic return.
	 (3) 	 Beam limitation for portable X-ray systems. Beam limitation for portable X-ray systems shall meet the beam limitation requirements of 41.1(6)“a” or 41.1(6)“h”(2).
	  i.   	 Tube stands for portable X-ray systems. A tube stand or other mechanical support shall be used for portable X-ray systems, so that the X-ray tube housing assembly need not be handheld during exposures.
	  j.   	 Systems used in a clinical (nonsurgical) setting shall be restricted to one room within a location or suite which meets the requirements of 41.1(3)“d.”
	 41.1(7) Intraoral dental radiographic systems. In addition to the provisions of 41.1(3) and 41.1(4), the requirements of 41.1(7) apply to X-ray equipment and associated facilities used for dental radiography. Requirements for extraoral dental radiographic systems are covered in 41.1(6). Only systems meeting the requirements of 41.1(7) shall be used.
	  a.   	 Source-to-skin distance. X-ray systems designed for use with an intraoral image receptor shall be provided with means to limit source-to-skin distance to not less than:
	 (1) 	 18 centimeters if operable above 50 kVp, or
	 (2) 	 10 centimeters if not operable above 50 kVp.
	  b.   	 Beam limitation. Radiographic systems designed for use with an intraoral image receptor shall be provided with means to limit the X-ray beam such that:
	 (1) 	 If the minimum source-to-skin distance (SSD) is 18 centimeters or more, the X-ray field, at the minimum SSD, shall be containable in a circle having a diameter of no more than 7 centimeters; and
	 (2) 	 If the minimum SSD is less than 18 centimeters, the X-ray field, at the minimum SSD, shall be containable in a circle having a diameter of no more than 6 centimeters.
	 (3) 	 The position indicating device shall be shielded and open-ended. The shielding shall be equivalent to the requirements of 41.1(4)“c.”
	  c.   	 Exposure control.
	 (1) 	 Exposure initiation.
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided to initiate the radiation exposure by a deliberate action on the part of the operator, such as the depression of a switch. Radiation exposure shall not be initiated without such an action; and
	  2. 	 It shall not be possible to make an exposure when the timer is set to a “zero” or “off” position if either position is provided.
	 (2) 	 Exposure indication. Means shall be provided for visual indication observable at or from the operator’s protected position whenever X-rays are produced. In addition, a signal audible to the operator shall indicate that the exposure has terminated except in X-ray systems that cannot be altered to meet this requirement.
	 (3) 	 Exposure termination.
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided to terminate the exposure at a preset time interval, preset product of current and time, a preset number of pulses, or a preset radiation exposure to the image receptor. In addition:
	  2. 	 Termination of exposure shall cause automatic resetting of the timer to its initial setting or to “zero.”
	  3. 	 An X-ray control shall be incorporated into each X-ray system such that an exposure can be terminated by the operator at any time, except for exposures of one-half (½) second or less.
	 (4) 	 Exposure duration (timer) linearity. For systems having independent selection of exposure time settings, the average ratios (X1) of exposure to the indicated timer setting, in units of C kg-2s-1 (mR/s), obtained at any two clinically used timer settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum. This is written as:
(X1 - X2) ≤ 0.1 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average values.
	 (5) 	 Each X-ray exposure switch shall be located in such a way as to meet the following requirements:
	  1. 	 Stationary X-ray systems shall be required to have the X-ray exposure switch located in a protected area or have an exposure switch cord of sufficient length to permit the operator to activate the unit while in a protected area, e.g., corridor outside the operatory. The procedures required under 41.1(3)“a”(4) must instruct the operator to remain in the protected area during the entire exposure.
	  2. 	 Mobile and portable X-ray systems which are:
	  ● 	 Used for greater than one week in the same location, i.e., a room or suite, shall meet the requirements of 41.1(7)“c”(5)“1.”
	  ● 	 Used for greater than one hour and less than one week at the same location, i.e., a room or suite, shall meet the requirements of the above paragraph or be provided with a 6.5 foot (1.98 m) high protective barrier or means to allow the operator to be at least 9 feet (2.7 meters) from the tube housing assembly while making exposure.
	  3. 	 Portable or hand-held dental X-ray systems designed with a backscatter shield may be used without the additional protective barrier, but the operator must wear a protective apron. The operator must stand directly behind the unit to allow the shield to function as designed.
	  d.   	 Reproducibility. When the equipment is operated on an adequate power supply as specified by the manufacturer, the estimated coefficient of variation of radiation exposures shall be no greater than 0.05, for any specific combination of selected technique factors.
	  e.   	 mA/mS linearity. The following requirements apply when the equipment is operated on a power supply as specified by the manufacturer for any fixed X-ray tube potential within the range of 40 percent to 100 percent of the maximum rated.
	 (1) 	 Equipment having independent selection of X-ray tube current (mA). The average ratios (X1) of exposure to the indicated milliampere-seconds product, in units of C kg-1 mAs-1 (or mR/mAs), obtained at any two consecutive tube current settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum:
(X1 - X2) ≤ 0.1 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average values obtained at each of two consecutive tube current settings, or at two settings differing by no more than a factor of 2 where the tube current selection is continuous.
	 (2) 	 Equipment having a combined X-ray tube current-exposure time product (mAs) selector, but not a separate tube current (mA) selector. The average ratios (X1) of exposure to the indicated milliampere-seconds product, in units of C kg-1 mAs-1 (or mR/mAs), obtained at any two consecutive mAs selector settings shall not differ by more than 0.10 times their sum:
(X1 - X2) ≤ 0.1 (X1 + X2)
where X1 and X2 are the average values obtained at any two mAs selector settings, or at two settings differing by no more than a factor of 2 where the mAs selector provides continuous selection.
	 (3) 	 Measuring compliance. Determination of compliance shall be based on 10 exposures taken within a time period of one hour, at each of the two settings. These two settings may include any two focal spot sizes except where one is equal to or less than 0.45 millimeters and the other is greater than 0.45 millimeters. For purposes of this requirement, focal spot size is the nominal focal spot size specified by the X-ray tube manufacturer.
	  f.   	 Accuracy. Deviation of technique factors from indicated values for kVp and exposure time (if time is independently selectable) shall not exceed the limits specified for that system by its manufacturer. In the absence of manufacturer’s specifications the deviation shall not exceed 10 percent of the indicated value for kVp and 20 percent for time.
	  g.   	 kVp limitations. Dental X-ray machine with a nominal fixed kVp of less than 50 kVp shall not be used to make diagnostic dental radiographs of humans.
	  h.   	 Administrative controls.
	 (1) 	 Patient and film holding devices shall be used when the techniques permit.
	 (2) 	 The tube housing and the PID shall not be hand-held during an exposure.
	 (3) 	 The X-ray system shall be operated in such a manner that the useful beam at the patient’s skin does not exceed the requirements of 41.1(7)“b”(1).
	 (4) 	 Dental fluoroscopy without image intensification shall not be used.
	  i.   	 Portable or hand-held dental X-ray systems. Portable or hand-held dental X-ray systems designed with a backscatter shield shall:
	 (1) 	 Be used only where it is impractical to us a portable dental system;
	 (2) 	 Be used as the manufacturer indicates;
	 (3) 	 Not be used with the backscatter shield removed, if applicable; and
	 (4) 	 Be exempted from 41.1(4)“g.”
	 41.1(8) Rescinded IAB 6/4/97, effective 7/9/97.
	 41.1(9) Bone densitometry units.
	  a.   	 No additional shielding for the room is required.
	  b.   	 Film badges, OSL devices, or TLDs must be issued for the first six months to all personnel operating the unit. If monitoring indicates no exposure, the IDPH may allow discontinuance of monitoring upon written request. When new procedures are started that have not been previously monitored, monitoring must be reinstated for six months and another request for discontinuance submitted to the agency.
	  c.   	 Operators, other than physicians, must possess a health education background to include anatomy and physiology and must complete the manufacturer’s training session pertaining to bone densitometry or equivalent. A permit to practice for operators is not required.
	  d.   	 Specific operating procedures must be prepared and made available at the operator’s position.
	  e.   	 Bone densitometry on human patients shall be conducted only under a prescription of a licensed physician, a licensed physician assistant as defined in Iowa Code section 148C.1, subsection 6, or a licensed registered nurse who is registered as an advanced registered nurse practitioner pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 152.
	  f.   	 During the operation of the bone densitometry system:
	 (1) 	 The operator, ancillary personnel, and members of the general public shall be positioned at least one meter from the patient and bone densitometry system during the examination.
	 (2) 	 The operator shall advise the patient that the bone densitometry examination is a type of X-ray procedure.
	  g.   	 Equipment shall be maintained and operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. Records of maintenance shall be kept for inspection by the agency.
	 41.1(10) Veterinary medicine radiographic installations.
	  a.   	 Equipment.
	 (1) 	 The protective tube housing shall be equivalent to the requirements of 41.1(4)“c.”
	 (2) 	 Diaphragms or cones shall be provided for collimating the useful beam to the area of clinical interest and shall provide the same degree of protection as is required of the housing.
	 (3) 	 The total filtration permanently in the useful beam shall not be less than 0.5 millimeters aluminum equivalent for machines operating up to 50 kVp, 1.5 millimeters aluminum equivalent for machines operating between 50 and 70 kVp, and 2.5 millimeters aluminum equivalent for machines operating above 70 kVp.
	  b.   	 Operator protection.
	 (1) 	 All wall, ceiling, and floor areas shall be equivalent to or provided with applicable protective barriers to ensure compliance with 641—40.15(136C) and 40.21(136C) and subrule 40.26(1).
	 (2) 	 All stationary, mobile or portable X-ray systems shall be provided with either a 2 meter (6.5 feet) high protective barrier for operator protections during exposures, or shall be provided with means to allow the operator to be at least 2.7 meters (9 feet) from the tube housing assembly during exposures.
	  c.   	 Operating procedures. Veterinary medicine radiographic installations are exempt from the requirements of 641—41.1(136C) except for 641—subrules 41.1(3) and 41.1(10).
	 (1) 	 No individual other than the operator shall be in the X-ray room while exposures are being made unless such individual’s assistance is required, and
	 (2) 	 The operator shall stand behind the protective barrier of 9 feet from the useful beam and the animal during radiographic exposures, or
	 (3) 	 When an animal must be held in position during radiography, mechanical supporting or restraining devices should be used. If the animal must be held by an individual, that individual shall be protected with appropriate shielding devices, such as protective gloves and apron, and shall be so positioned that no part of the holder’s body will be struck by the useful beam. The exposure of any individual used for this purpose shall be monitored.
	 41.1(11) Computed tomography X-ray systems.
	  a.   	 Definitions. In addition to the definitions provided in 641—38.2(136C), 641—40.2(136C), and 41.1(2), the following definitions shall be applicable to 41.1(11):
“Computed tomography dose index” means the integral from –7T to +7T of the dose profile along a line perpendicular to the tomographic plane divided by the product of the nominal tomographic section thickness and the number of tomograms produced in a single scan, that is:

CTDI	=	 	∫	+7T	 	
		1			D(z) dz	
		nT		-7T		
		 			 	
where:

z =		Position along a line perpendicular to the tomographic plane.	
D(z)=		Dose at position z.	
T =		Nominal tomographic section thickness.	
n =		Number of tomograms produced in a single scan.	
This definition assumes that the dose profile is centered around z = 0 and that, for a multiple tomogram system, the scan increment between adjacent scans is nT.
“Contrast scale” means the change in the linear attenuation coefficient per CTN relative to water, that is:

CS	=	μx - μw	
		CTN x - CTN w	
where:
μx  	= Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest.
μw  	= Linear attenuation coefficient of water.
CTN x  	= of the material of interest.
CTN w  	= of water.
“CS” (see “Contrast scale”).
“CT conditions of operation” means all selectable parameters governing the operation of a CT X-ray system including, but not limited to, nominal tomographic section thickness, filtration, and the technique factors as defined in 41.1(2).
“CTDI” (see “Computed tomography dose index”).
“CT gantry” means the tube housing assemblies, beam-limiting devices, detectors, and the supporting structures and frames which hold these components.
“CTN” (see “CT number”).
“CT number” means the number used to represent the X-ray attenuation associated with each elemental area of the CT image.

CTN	=	k(μx - μw)	
		μw	
where:
k 	= A constant. (The constant has a normal value of 1,000 when the Houndsfield scale of CTN is used.)
μx 	 = Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest.
μw = Linear attenuation coefficient of water.
“Dose profile” means the dose as a function of position along a line.
“Elemental area” means the smallest area within a tomogram for which the X-ray attenuation properties of a body are depicted (see also “Picture element”).
“Multiple tomogram system” means a computed tomography X-ray system which obtains X-ray transmission data simultaneously during a single scan to produce more than one tomogram.
“Noise” means the standard deviation of the fluctuation in CTN expressed as a percentage of the attenuation coefficient of water. Its estimate (Ss) is calculated using the following expression:

Sn	=	100 ∙ CS ∙ s	
		μw	
where:
CS 	= Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest.
μw  	= Linear attenuation coefficient of water.
s 	= Estimated standard deviation of the CTN of picture elements in a specified area of the CT image.
“Nominal tomographic section thickness” means the full width at half-maximum of the sensitivity profile taken at the center of the cross-sectional volume over which X-ray transmission data are collected.
“Picture element” means an elemental area of a tomogram.
“Reference plane” means a plane which is displaced from and parallel to the tomographic plane.
“Scan” means the complete process of collecting X-ray transmission data for the production of a tomogram. Data can be collected simultaneously during a single scan for the production of one or more tomograms.
“Scan increment” means the amount of relative displacement of the patient with respect to the CT X-ray system between successive scans measured along the direction of such displacement.
“Scan sequence” means a preselected set of two or more scans performed consecutively under preselected CT conditions of operation.
“Scan time” means the period of time between the beginning and end of X-ray transmission data accumulation for a single scan.
“Single tomogram system” means a CT X-ray system which obtains X-ray transmission data during a scan to produce a single tomogram.
“Tomographic plane” means that geometric plane which is identified as corresponding to the output tomogram.
“Tomographic section” means the volume of an object whose X-ray attenuation properties are imaged in a tomogram.
	  b.   	 Requirements for equipment.
	 (1) 	 Termination of exposure.
	  1. 	 Means shall be provided to terminate the X-ray exposure automatically by either deenergizing the X-ray source or shuttering the X-ray beam in the event of equipment failure affecting data collection. Such termination shall occur within an interval that limits the total scan time to no more than 110 percent of its preset value through the use of either a backup timer or devices which monitor equipment function.
	  2. 	 A visible signal shall indicate when the X-ray exposure has been terminated through the means required by 41.1(11)“b”(1)“1.”
	  3. 	 The operator shall be able to terminate the X-ray exposure at any time during a scan, or series of scans under CT X-ray system control, of greater than one-half second duration.
	 (2) 	 Tomographic plane indication and alignment.
	  1. 	 For any single tomogram system, means shall be provided to permit visual determination of the tomographic plane or a reference plane offset from the tomographic plane.
	  2. 	 For any multiple tomogram system, means shall be provided to permit visual determination of the location of a reference plane. This reference plane can be offset from the location of the tomographic planes.
	  3. 	 If a device using a light source is used to satisfy 41.1(11)“b”(2)“1” or “2,” the light source shall provide illumination levels sufficient to permit visual determination of the location of the tomographic plane or reference plane under ambient light conditions of up to 500 lux.
	 (3) 	 Beam-on and shutter status indicators and control switches.
	  1. 	 The CT X-ray control and gantry shall provide visual indication whenever X-rays are produced and, if applicable, whether the shutter is open or closed.
	  2. 	 Each emergency button or switch shall be clearly labeled as to its function.
	 (4) 	 Indication of CT conditions of operation. The CT X-ray system shall be designed such that the CT conditions of operation to be used during a scan or a scan sequence shall be indicated prior to the initiation of a scan or a scan sequence. On equipment having all or some of these conditions of operation at fixed values, this requirement may be met by permanent markings. Indication of CT conditions of operation shall be visible from any position from which scan initiation is possible.
	 (5) 	 Extraneous radiation. When data are not being collected for image production, the radiation adjacent to the tube port shall not exceed that permitted by 41.1(4)“c.”
	 (6) 	 Maximum surface CTDI identification. The angular position where the maximum surface CTDI occurs shall be identified to allow for reproducible positioning of a CT dosimetry phantom.
	 (7) 	 Additional requirements applicable to CT X-ray systems containing a gantry manufactured after September 3, 1985.
	  1. 	 The total error in the indicated location of the tomographic plane or reference plane shall not exceed 5 millimeters.
	  2. 	 If the X-ray production period is less than one-half second, the indication of X-ray production shall be actuated for at least one-half second. Indicators at or near the gantry shall be discernible from any point external to the patient opening where insertion of any part of the human body into the primary beam is possible.
	  3. 	 The deviation of indicated scan increment versus actual increment shall not exceed plus or minus 1 millimeter with any mass from 0 to 100 kilograms resting on the support device. The patient support device shall be incremented from a typical starting position to the maximum incremented distance or 30 centimeters, whichever is less, and then returned to the starting position. Measurement of actual versus indicated scan increment may be taken anywhere along this travel.
	  4. 	 Premature termination of the X-ray exposure by the operator shall necessitate resetting of the CT conditions of operation prior to the initiation of another scan.
	  c.   	 Facility design requirements.
	 (1) 	 Aural communication. Provision shall be made for two-way aural communication between the patient and the operator at the control panel.
	 (2) 	 Viewing systems.
	  1. 	 Windows, mirrors, closed-circuit television, or an equivalent shall be provided to permit continuous observation of the patient during irradiation and shall be so located that the operator can observe the patient from the control panel.
	  2. 	 When the primary viewing system is by electronic means, an alternate viewing system (which may be electronic) shall be available for use in the event of failure of the primary viewing system.
	  d.   	 Surveys, calibrations, spot checks, and operating procedures.
	 (1) 	 Surveys.
	  1. 	 All CT X-ray systems shall have a survey made by, or under the direction of, a qualified expert. In addition, such surveys shall be done after any change in the facility or equipment which might cause a significant increase in radiation hazard.
	  2. 	 The registrant shall obtain a written report of the survey from the qualified expert, and a copy of the report shall be made available to the agency upon request.
	 (2) 	 Radiation calibrations.
	  1. 	 The calibration of the radiation output of the CT X-ray system shall be performed by, or under the direction of, a qualified expert who is physically present at the facility during such calibration.
	  2. 	 The calibration of a CT X-ray system shall be performed at intervals specified by a qualified expert and after any change or replacement of components which, in the opinion of the qualified expert, could cause a change in the radiation output.
	  3. 	 The calibration of the radiation output of a CT X-ray system shall be performed with a calibrated dosimetry system. The calibration of such system shall be traceable to a national standard. The dosimetry system shall have been calibrated within the preceding two years.
	  4. 	 CT dosimetry phantom(s) shall be used in determining the radiation output of a CT X-ray system. Such phantom(s) shall meet the following specifications and conditions of use: CT dosimetry phantom(s) shall be right circular cylinders of polymethyl methacrylate of density 1.19 plus or minus 0.01 grams per cubic centimeter. The phantom(s) shall be at least 14 centimeters in length and shall have diameters of 32.0 centimeters for testing CT X-ray systems designed to image any section of the body and 16.0 centimeters for systems designed to image the head or for whole body scanners operated in the head scanning mode; CT dosimetry phantom(s) shall provide means for the placement of a dosimeter(s) along the axis of rotation and along a line parallel to the axis of rotation 1.0 centimeter from the outer surface and within the phantom. Means for the placement of dosimeters or alignment devices at other locations may be provided; any effects on the doses measured due to the removal of phantom material to accommodate dosimeters shall be accounted for through appropriate corrections to the reported data or included in the statement of maximum deviation for the values obtained using the phantom; and all dose measurements shall be performed with the CT dosimetry phantom placed on the patient couch or support device without additional attenuation materials present.
	  5. 	 The calibration shall be required for each type of head, body, or whole-body scan performed at the facility.
	  6. 	 Calibration shall meet the following requirements: The dose profile along the center axis of the CT dosimetry phantom for the minimum, maximum, and midrange values of the nominal tomographic section thickness used by the registrant shall be measurable. Where less than three nominal tomographic thicknesses can be selected, the dose profile determination shall be performed for each available nominal tomographic section thickness; the CTDI 3    / along the two axes specified in 41.1(11)“d”(2)“4” shall be measured. (For the purpose of determining the CTDI, the manufacturer’s statement as to the nominal tomographic section thickness for that particular system may be utilized.) The CT dosimetry phantom shall be oriented so that the measurement point 1.0 centimeter from the outer surface and within the phantom is in the same angular position within the gantry as the point of maximum surface CTDI identified. The CT conditions of operation shall correspond to typical values used by the registrant; and the spot checks specified in 41.1(11)“d”(3) shall be made.
	  7. 	 Calibration procedures shall be in writing. Records of calibrations performed shall be maintained for inspection by the agency.
	 (3) 	 Spot checks.
	  1. 	 The spot-check procedures shall be in writing and shall have been developed by a qualified expert.
	  2. 	 The spot-check procedures shall incorporate the use of a CT dosimetry phantom which has a capability of providing an indication of contrast scale, noise, nominal tomographic section thickness, the resolution capability of the system for low and high contrast objects, and measuring the mean CTN for water or other reference material.
	  3. 	 All spot checks shall be included in the calibration required by 41.1(11)“d”(2) and at time intervals and under system conditions specified by a qualified expert.
	  4. 	 Spot checks shall include acquisition of images obtained with the CT dosimetry phantom(s) using the same processing mode and CT conditions of operation as are used to perform calibrations required by 41.1(11)“d”(2). The images shall be retained, until a new calibration is performed, in two forms as follows: photographic copies of the images obtained from the image display device; and images stored in digital form on a storage medium compatible with the CT X-ray system.
	  5. 	 Written records of the spot checks performed shall be maintained for inspection by the agency.
	 (4) 	 Operating procedures.
	  1. 	 The CT X-ray system shall not be operated except by a licensed practitioner or an individual who has been specifically trained in its operation in accordance with 641—subrule 42.2(9).
	  2. 	 Information shall be available at the control panel regarding the operation and calibration of the system. Such information shall include the following: dates of the latest calibration and spot checks and the location within the facility where the results of those tests may be obtained; instructions on the use of the CT dosimetry phantom(s) including a schedule of spot checks appropriate for the system, allowable variations for the indicated parameters, and the results of at least the most recent spot checks conducted on the system; the distance in millimeters between the tomographic plane and the reference plane if a reference plane is utilized; and a current technique chart available at the control panel which specifies for each routine examination the CT conditions of operation and the number of scans per examination.
	  3. 	 If the calibration or spot check of the CT X-ray system identifies that a system operating parameter has exceeded a tolerance established by the qualified expert, use of the CT X-ray system on patients shall be limited to those uses permitted by established written instructions of the qualified expert.
	 41.1(12) X-ray machines used for mammography. Rescinded IAB 4/8/98, effective 7/1/98.
[ARC 8659B, IAB 4/7/10, effective 5/12/10]